Interaction between hydrosphere and lithosphere in subduction zones
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摘要:
俯冲带系统是研究地球水圈-岩石圈相互作用的天然实验室。俯冲板片所携带的水进入俯冲带系统，显著影响俯冲板片上地幔蛇纹石化程度、岛弧岩浆活动以及俯冲带地震机制等构造动力学过程。沿着环太平洋俯冲带，由主动源地震探测得到的板片含水量结果可以很好地解释区域相关地震观测，同时由被动源地震探测到的上地幔低速异常区域都与俯冲板片断层发育区相一致。多道反射地震探测与数值模拟都揭示了俯冲板块正断层广泛存在，可穿透莫霍面，深度可达海底下至少20 km。俯冲板块正断层为流体进入地壳与上地幔提供了重要通道，导致上地幔蛇纹石化程度达到1.4%，甚至更高。在洋壳俯冲过程中，随着温压增加，在不同深度脱水形成不同性质流体与地幔反应。通过俯冲带流体包裹体和交代成因矿物等的研究发现水岩相互作用广泛存在。本文旨在回顾俯冲板片含水量探测及水岩相互作用研究，简述近年来取得的重要进展以及对将来相关研究的启示。
Abstract:The Subduction system is a natural laboratory to investigate the interaction between the Earth’s hydrosphere and lithosphere. Water carried in by down-going slabs significantly affects the tectono-dynamic processes in the subduction zones, for examples the mantle serpentinization of the subducting slab, formation of magmas and active volcanic arcs, and the seismogenic behaviors of the subduction zone. Along the circum-Pacific subduction zones, the regional seismic phenomena can be well explained by the water content estimated from active source seismic experiments, and the low-velocity anomalies of the upper mantle detected by passive source seismic surveys are consistent with the fault development on the subduction slabs. Both the multichannel seismic reflection exploration and numerical simulation reveal that normal faults exist widely on subduction slabs, which may penetrate the Moho and reach a depth as deep as 20 km at least below the seafloor. Those normal faults can provide channels for fluid to enter the crust and upper mantle, resulting in serpentinization up to 1.4 wt% or even higher of the upper mantle. As the temperature and pressure increase during the subduction process, fluids with different characters may be released from dehydration and interact with the mantle at different depths. The water-rock interaction exists extensively at subduction zones as revealed by studies of fluid inclusions and metasomatic minerals. This paper highlights the recent research progress on water content detection and water-rock interaction of subduction slabs and discusses implications for future researches on hydrosphere-lithosphere interaction.
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表 1 大洋俯冲带地震探测俯冲板片含水量研究统计
Table 1. Water content of subduction slabs detected from seismic surveys
% 俯冲带位置
（年龄/Ma）沉积层 上地壳（2A 层） 上地壳（2B 层） 下地壳 上地幔 孔隙水 结构水 孔隙水 结构水 孔隙水 结构水 孔隙水 结构水 孔隙水 结构水 钻孔和全球平均值 5 2 2 1 卡斯凯迪亚（8） 30 9.2 4.6 2.6 1.1 1.8 0.2 0.8 卡斯凯迪亚（45°50′～47°45′N）（8） − − 3.2 ± 0.4 1.7 ± 0.2 2.4 ± 0.4 0.27 ± 0.05 0.06 ± 0.03 0.008 ± 0.002 0.05 ± 0.03 0.022 ± 0.005[1]
0.036 ± 0.009[2]
0.33 ± 0.15[3]卡斯凯迪亚（44°20′～45°50′N）（9） 4.1 ± 1.8 − 2.8 ± 0.4 1.9 ± 0.2 2.3 ± 0.4 0.28 ± 0.05 0.12 ± 0.03 0.005 ± 0.001 0.08 ± 0.04 0.017 ± 0.006[1]
0.03 ± 0.01[2]
0.6 ± 0.3[3]中智利南部（13） − − − − − − − − 1.9 冲绳海槽西部（20） − − − − − − − − 0[4] 中美洲（哥斯达黎加）（19～22.5） − − − − − − − ＜1 1～2 中美洲（尼瓜拉瓜）（24） − − 5.0 − 1.7 − 0.6 1 3.5＜2.5 中马里亚纳海沟（150） 2.0 中智利（26～30） − − − − − − − − 2.2 中智利北部（40） − − − − − − − − 1.9 智利北部（50） − − − − − − − − 2.5 阿拉斯加（舒马金）（50～55） − − − − − − − − 1.8 阿拉斯加（萨米迪）（50～55） − − − − − − − − ＜1.8 汤加（80） − − − − − − − − 2.7 千叶（130） − − − − − − − − 2.5 日本北部（135） − − − − − − − − 1～2 注：[1]滑石+绿泥石+角闪石组合；[2]蛇纹石+绿泥石+角闪石组合；[3]蛇纹石+绿泥石+角闪石组合，假设无孔隙水存在于地幔中；[4]基于缺乏可分辨的地幔速度异常结果推算。 
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