Characteristics and ecological risk of soil heavy metals of a Tungsten mine in Yudu, Jiangxi Province
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摘要:
金属矿产资源的持续开发活动通常会导致矿区土壤重金属含量累积，厘清土壤重金属环境污染特征并评价其生态风险，可为监测土壤环境质量和预防土壤污染提供依据。选择江西于都某百年开采钨矿山，采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法，对其周边土壤中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Hg污染特征及潜在生态风险进行调查评价。评价结果表明，研究区土壤受到Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As等重金属的污染，单因子污染指数分别为6.74、3.72、45.1、3.36、8.88；综合污染评价表明，Cd是主要污染贡献因子，其次为As、Cu、Pb、Zn；土壤综合潜在生态风险指数平均值高达2065，属很强生态风险；强生态风险及以上区域主要分布在矿山周边及矿山下游河道附近，分布面积约占研究区总面积的43.89%；研究区土壤重金属相关性分析表明，Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb之间具有显著的相关性。综合研究结果可知，该区域土壤Cd具有一定的潜在生态风险，应引起充分重视，矿山开发利用可能是导致Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb污染的主要原因。
Abstract:The accumulation of heavy metals in soil is generally originated from the persistent exploitation in the mining area, thus clarifying the environmental pollution characteristics of heavy metals in soil and evaluating the ecological risk can provide a basis for monitoring soil environmental quality and preventing soil pollution. A tungsten mine with history of a hundred years in Yudu of southern Jiangxi Province was selected as a case study. Based on the assaying data, single-factor index and Nemerow multifactor index methods were used to assess the quality of soil, then the potential ecological risks of the eight heavy metals were evaluated by Hakanson potential ecological risk index method. The evaluation results show that the single-factor pollution index of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and As are 6.74, 3.72, 45.1, 3.36, 8.88, respectively. Cd contributes most to the Nemerow composite pollution index, followed by As, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The average value of the comprehensive potential ecological risk index reaches up to 2065, indicating strong potential hazard. The areas with strong potential heavy metals ecological risk account for 43.89%, which are mainly distributed around mines and their downstream near the river. Correlation analysis of soil heavy metals in the study area shows that Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb are significantly correlated. In conclusion, Cd has a certain potential ecological risk and should be paid more attention, and mineral exploitation activities may be the primary cause of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb pollution.
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Key words:
- Yudu /
- tungsten ore /
- soil /
- heavy metals /
- pollution characteristics /
- ecological risk
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表 1 土壤重金属污染风险筛选值
Table 1. Pollution risk screening values of soil heavy metals
mg/kg 风险筛选值 重金属元素 Cr Ni Cu Zn Cd Pb As Hg pH≤5.5 250 60 50 200 0.3 80 30 0.5 5.5＜pH≤6.5 250 70 50 200 0.4 100 30 0.5 6.5＜pH≤7.5 300 100 100 250 0.6 140 25 0.6 7.5＜pH 350 190 100 300 0.8 240 20 1 
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表 2 土壤重金属单因子污染指数评价标准
Table 2. Single-factor pollution index evaluation levels of soil heavy metals
污染等级 安全 警戒限 轻污染 中污染 重污染 单因子指数 Pi≤0.7 0.7＜Pi≤1.0 1.0＜Pi≤2.0 2.0＜Pi≤3.0 Pi＞3
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表 3 土壤重金属内梅罗综合污染指数评价标准
Table 3. Nemerow composite pollution index evaluation levels of soil heavy metals
污染等级 安全 警戒限 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染 综合污染指数 PN≤0.7 0.7＜PN≤1 1＜PN≤2 2＜PN≤3 3＜PN
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表 4 土壤重金属潜在生态风险程度分级标准
Table 4. Classification levels of potential ecological risk of soil heavy metals
等级 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Eri Eri < 40 40≤ Eri < 80 80≤ Eri < 160 160≤ Eri < 320 320≤ Eri RI RI < 150 150≤RI < 300 300≤RI < 600 600≤RI － 风险程度 轻微 中等 强 很强 极强
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表 5 研究区土壤重金属含量统计结果
Table 5. Statistical results of soil heavy metals contents
mg/kg 项目 Cr Ni Cu Zn Cd Pb As Hg 最小值 36.35 11.83 13.75 39.66 0.05 23.49 8.71 0.036 最大值 85.50 31.20 456.00 975.00 42.20 352.00 206.28 0.241 平均值 53.61 21.72 152.32 237.41 7.47 117.77 72.05 0.108 标准离差 13.7 5.0 118.1 194.4 9.6 75.7 49.4 0.048 富集系数 1.2 1.5 8.0 4.4 61.7 3.7 8.5 1.4 变异系数 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.8 1.3 0.6 0.7 0.5 土壤背景值 43.7 14.1 19.1 53.7 0.121 32.0 8.47 0.078 注：富集系数、变异系数无量纲；土壤背景值参考《江西省赣州市于都县1:5万土壤地球化学调查成果》①
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表 6 研究区土壤重金属潜在生态危害评价结果
Table 6. Evaluation results of soil heavy metals potential ecological risk
项目 Eri RI Cr Ni Cu Zn Cd Pb As Hg 最大值 4.0 11.1 119.4 18.2 10462.8 55.0 243.5 123.6 10749.9 最小值 1.7 4.2 3.6 0.7 13.5 3.7 10.3 18.4 100.9 平均值 2.5 7.7 39.9 4.4 1851.3 18.4 85.1 55.4 2064.7 标准差 0.6 1.7 30.3 3.6 2324.4 11.6 57.2 24.2 2365.4 注：Eri为第i种重金属的潜在生态危害系数；RI为土壤中多种重金属潜在生态、危害指数
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表 7 研究区土壤重金属浓度之间相关关系
Table 7. Correlation coefficient of soil heavy metals
元素 Cr Ni Cu Zn Cd Pb As Hg Cr 1 Ni 0.577** 1 Cu -0.440* 0.318 1 Zn -0.502** 0.238 0.769** 1 Cd -0.499** 0.206 0.666** 0.973** 1 Pb -0.430* 0.25 0.905** 0.627** 0.547** 1 As 0.086 0.127 0.243 0.119 0.114 0.273 1 Hg 0.042 0.145 0.302 0.143 0.12 0.32 0.536** 1 注：数据采用SPSS19双变量Pearson相关分析，进行了双边显著性检验，**为极显著性差异(P < 0.01)，*为显著性差异(P < 0.05)
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