The concept of geodiversity and its practical value
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摘要:
地质多样性作为地球表面和地下物质、形态和过程的非生物多样性，是与生物多样性同等重要的概念，都是自然资本的重要组成部分，为人类带来生态系统产品和服务。通过探讨地质多样性的概念、价值及其服务，并归纳世界上主要国家和国际机构关于地质多样性研究与实践的相关做法与经验，从中发现：地质多样性逐步纳入到自然资源管理各环节，世界自然保护联盟通过了保护地质多样性决议，英国启动了地质多样性系列行动，北欧主要国家推进地质多样性保护，美国启动地质多样性研究工作，澳大利亚开展地质多样性评估。通过回顾地质多样性的研究和实践，认识到拓展了地质工作的服务领域，地质多样性赋予基础性、公益性地质工作更丰富的内涵。通过研究得出几点启示：①地质多样性丰富了自然资源综合调查实践；②地质多样性可为生态保护修复提供地质方案；③地质多样性突出地质系统的功能和价值，有效地拓展了地质工作的服务对象。
Abstract:Geodiversity, as the abiotic diversity of materials, forms, and processes on the earth's surface and subsurface, with the same important concept as biodiversity, is an essential component of natural capital assets that provide ecosystem goods and services to humans. This paper reviews and discusses the concept of geodiversity, its values and services, and summarizes major national and international institutions' studies and practices in this field. Geodiversity has been gradually integrated into all aspects of natural resource management. The IUCN has adopted a resolution on the protection of geodiversity. The UK has launched a series of geodiversity actions. The major Nordic countries are promoting geodiversity protection. The US has started geodiversity research. Australia is conducting geodiversity assessment. Through the study and practice of geodiversity, the service field of geological work has been expanded, and geodiversity has given a rich connotation to the primary and public welfare geological work. Several insights can be drawn from the study and practice of geodiversity. Firstly, geodiversity enriches the practice of comprehensive investigation of natural resources. Secondly, it can provide geological solutions for ecological protection and restoration. Thirdly, it highlights the functions and values of geosystems and expands the service targets of geological work.
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Key words:
- geodiversity /
- geosystem services /
- ecosystem services /
- natural capital /
- geological survey
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表 1 地质多样性与自然资源管理相关研究
Table 1. Study on geodiversity and natural resource management
连接自然资源管理 研究内容或案例 保护生物多样性 保护自然舞台——支持生物多样性的物理特征和自然过程 气候变化适应 了解地貌对气候变化的敏感性如何影响生物多样性适应；保护自然舞台并提供自然解决方案；提供环境异质性、宏观和微观避难所、景观和过程连通性 生态系统方法和景观规划 保护自然舞台和理解不同空间尺度上物理过程的作用和地质多样性、生物多样性和人类之间的联系 自然资本和生态系统服务 提供许多有价值的生态系统服务；有助于了解生态系统历史和生态系统服务的长期趋势，这些记录体现在古环境记录中 海洋保护与规划 支持海洋保护区的生物多样性，并根据对物理过程的理解为海洋空间规划和海岸线管理提供信息 土壤保护与利用 了解物理过程的作用，特别是与生境支持、土壤侵蚀和碳管理有关的作用 人与自然关系 了解地质多样性对文化遗产的许多影响，以及它们如何有助于增强当地社区的地方意识和开展可持续活动，如地质旅游 栖息地恢复和管理 通过了解自然过程并与自然过程合作来提供恢复策略；从古生态记录中了解生态系统历史 地质遗迹保护 地质学、地质遗迹地质公园、地质保护地、地质管理、地质教育和地质旅游发展过程与相互关系 国家公园管理 了解受威胁物种多样性对国家公园管理和规划非常重要，把地质多样性与受威胁物种丰富度和气候多样性结合研究；保护自然舞台粗滤方案 实现联合国可持续发展目标 为全球环境挑战、人类福祉和生态系统功能提供基于自然的解决方案 
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表 2 主要国家地质调查机构参与相关活动清单
Table 2. Summary of some geological survey agencies involved in the geodiversity activities
序号 机构名称 参与情况 1 美国地质调查局 2020年开展全球生态系统分类和绘图工作，将地质多样性要素纳入其生态用地分类单元 2 美国地质调查局 2020年参与美国国家公园内的地质多样性调查工作 3 美国地质调查局 2016年开展美国东南部19个生态系统气候变化脆弱性调查，开展地质多样性和生物多样性关系研究 4 澳大利亚地球科学局 2017年参与澳大利亚环境和能源部“地质和生物区评估计划” 5 英国地质调查局 2018年作为主要参与者发布《英格兰地质多样性章程》(第二版) 6 英国地质调查局 2017作为主要参与者发布《北爱尔兰地质多样性章程》 7 英国地质调查局 2014年作为主要参与者发布《英格兰地质多样性章程》(第一版) 8 英国地质调查局 2012年作为主要参与者发布《苏格兰地质多样性章程》 9 英国地质调查局 2010年参与“英国国家地质多样性行动计划” 10 英国地质调查局 2007年开展诺森伯兰国家公园地质多样性调查和行动计划
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