桂东南大村和古龙岩体的成因:地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素制约

农军年; 邹瑜; 邱恩露; 郭尚宇; 叶栩松; 向丰; 文明; 陆仕壹

桂东南大村和古龙岩体的成因:地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素制约

1.
广西壮族自治区地质调查院, 广西南宁 530023

2.
中化地质矿山总局广西地质勘查院, 广西南宁 530001

3.
广西遥感中心, 广西南宁 430023

基金项目:
中国地质调查局项目《桂东-粤西成矿带地质矿产调查》（编号：D20160035）

详细信息

作者简介: 农军年 (1986-), 男, 硕士, 工程师, 从事区域地质矿产调查研究工作。E-mail:175070721@qq.com

中图分类号: P591;P597⁺.3

收稿日期: 2015-12-04

修回日期: 2016-01-25

刊出日期: 2017-03-25

Petrogenesis of Dacun and Gulong plutons in southeast Guangxi: Constraints from geochemistry, zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotope

1.
Guangxi Institute of Geological Survey, Nanning 530023, Guangxi, China

2.
Guangxi Geological Exploration Institute of CCGMB, Nanning 530001, Guangxi, China

3.
Guangxi Center for Remote Sensing, Nanning 530023, Guangxi, China

Received Date: 04 December 2015

Revised Date: 25 January 2016

Publish Date: 25 March 2017

摘要

摘要:
大村和古龙岩体产于扬子地块与华夏地块拼合带的西南段，对剖析华南区域构造演化具有重要的地质意义。对大村和古龙岩体的石英闪长岩样品进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年，获得²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄加权平均值分别为438±1Ma和435±2Ma，说明2个岩体均形成于加里东期。大村和古龙岩体具有钙碱性、准铝质-过铝质特征的Ⅰ型花岗岩。锆石的ε_Hf(t) 值主要集中在0~+4之间，二阶段模式年龄 (T_DM2) 主要集中在1.15~1.45Ga之间，指示物源主要来自中元古代新生的基性下地壳物质。根据大村和古龙岩体的地球化学、Hf同位素组成、岩体发育暗色微粒包体等特征，结合区域地质情况，认为其是在陆内碰撞造山期后伴随岩石圈局部伸展-减薄，软流圈高温地幔物质上涌，导致中元古代新生的基性下地壳部分熔融形成的酸性岩浆和幔源岩浆在源区不同程度的混合形成母岩浆，随后又经历了一定程度的分异演化最终固结成岩。
- 加里东期 /
- 桂东南 /
- 大村岩体 /
- 古龙岩体 /
- LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年 /
- Hf同位素 /
- 地球化学
Abstract:
The Dacun and Gulong plutons were found in the southwest orogenic belt of the Yangtze block and the Cathaysia block, and the pluton has important geological significance in analyzing the regional tectonic evolution of South China. In this paper, two quartz diorite samples were collected from Dacun pluton and Gulong pluton for LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating, respectively, which yielded U-Pb ages of 438±1Ma and 435±2Ma, indicating that the Dacun pluton and Gulong pluton were both formed in Caledonian orogeny. The data show that the Dacun pluton and Gulong pluton belong to I-type granite which has calc-alkaline and aluminous-peraluminous features. The Hf isotopic compositions of zircons show that the rocks have ε_Hf(t) values from 0 to +4, and T_DM2(Hf) model ages are mainly concentrated in the range of 1.15~1.45Ga, implying that the magma was derived from the basic lower crust material, and the lower crust was formed in the Mesoproterozoic. According to geochemical features of the Dacun and Gulong plutons, Hf isotopic composition, and the dark particles-bearing pluton, in combination with regional geological conditions, the authors hold that, after the intracontinental collision orogenic period, the Dacun and Gulong plutons were formed along with the local lithosphere stretching-thinning, the upwelling of high temperature mantle materials from the asthenosphere, and the partial melting of the basic lower crust in the Mesoproterozoic. In the process of melting, there existed mixture of the upwelling mantle-derived magma formed in the source area at different levels, thus leading to the generation of parental magma. And then the magma experienced a certain degree of differentiation and evolution, finally forming rocks through solidification.
- Caledonian /
- southeast of Guangxi /
- Dacun pluton /
- Gulong pluton /
- LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating /
- Hf isotopic composition /
- geochemistry

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图 1 研究区地质简图及采样点

Figure 1.

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图 2 古龙岩体野外和镜下照片

Figure 2.

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图 3 大村（a）和古龙（b）岩体代表性锆石颗粒CL图像

Figure 3.

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图 4 大村岩体LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb 年龄谐和图

Figure 4.

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图 5 古龙岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图

Figure 5.

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图 6 SiO₂-K₂O图解

Figure 6.

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图 7 A/CNK-A/NK图解

Figure 7.

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图 8 大村和古龙岩体稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分图（a）和微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图（b）（标准化数据据参考文献[23]）

Figure 8.

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图 9 大村和古龙岩体锆石ε_Hf(t) 频率直方图

Figure 9.

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图 10 大村和古龙岩体锆石T_DM2(Hf) 频率直方图

Figure 10.

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图 11 华南内陆地区早古生代晚期部分中酸性岩浆岩年龄分布直方图

Figure 11.

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图 12 C/MF-A/MF图解^[36]

Figure 12.

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表 1 大村和古龙岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Th-Pb同位素数据

Table 1. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Th-Pb isotope composition in the Dacun and Gulong plutons

点编号	Th/10^-6	U/10^-6	Th/U	Pb/10^-6	²⁰⁸Pb法扣除普通铅后的同位素比值						²⁰⁸Pb法扣除普通铅后的年龄/Ma
点编号	Th/10^-6	U/10^-6	Th/U	Pb/10^-6	²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb	±1σ	²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U	±1σ	²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U	±1σ	²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb	±1σ	²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U	±1σ	²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U	±1σ
DCYT-1（大村岩体）
1	267	437	0.61	135	0.0561	0.0008	0.5433	0.0067	0.0703	0.0005	454	16	441	4	438	3
2	357	499	0.72	156	0.0553	0.0008	0.5364	0.0059	0.0704	0.0004	425	14	436	4	438	3
3	183	357	0.51	109	0.0551	0.0009	0.5338	0.0074	0.0703	0.0005	415	19	434	5	438	3
4	148	252	0.59	78	0.0567	0.0018	0.5496	0.0164	0.0703	0.0007	480	49	445	11	438	4
5	430	658	0.65	204	0.0558	0.0008	0.5406	0.0058	0.0703	0.0004	443	13	439	4	438	3
6	280	399	0.70	125	0.0556	0.0009	0.5392	0.0073	0.0703	0.0005	438	18	438	5	438	3
7	238	392	0.61	121	0.0557	0.0009	0.5401	0.0076	0.0703	0.0005	440	20	438	5	438	3
8	288	465	0.62	144	0.0557	0.0008	0.5399	0.0061	0.0703	0.0004	441	14	438	4	438	3
9	365	560	0.65	174	0.0559	0.0008	0.5425	0.0058	0.0704	0.0004	450	13	440	4	438	3
10	288	474	0.61	147	0.0563	0.0009	0.5461	0.0068	0.0703	0.0005	466	16	442	4	438	3
11	265	402	0.66	124	0.0558	0.0017	0.5407	0.0159	0.0704	0.0006	442	50	439	10	438	4
12	278	388	0.72	122	0.0561	0.0011	0.5446	0.0092	0.0704	0.0005	458	25	441	6	438	3
13	240	397	0.60	123	0.0566	0.0013	0.5487	0.0119	0.0703	0.0005	475	34	444	8	438	3
14	276	719	0.38	218	0.0558	0.0021	0.5408	0.0197	0.0703	0.0008	445	62	439	13	438	5
15	246	466	0.53	145	0.0557	0.0008	0.5401	0.0062	0.0704	0.0005	439	15	438	4	438	3
16	130	320	0.41	98	0.0556	0.0011	0.5398	0.0091	0.0704	0.0005	438	25	438	6	438	3
17	178	320	0.56	100	0.0558	0.0015	0.5419	0.0134	0.0704	0.0006	446	40	440	9	439	4
18	161	398	0.41	123	0.0571	0.0014	0.5537	0.0122	0.0703	0.0006	496	34	447	8	438	3
19	308	467	0.66	147	0.0551	0.0011	0.5350	0.0091	0.0704	0.0005	418	25	435	6	439	3
20	206	724	0.28	218	0.0568	0.0008	0.5505	0.0055	0.0703	0.0004	483	12	445	4	438	3
GLYT-1（古龙岩体）
1	183	305	0.60	93	0.0548	0.0023	0.5270	0.0215	0.0697	0.0008	406	71	430	14	434	5
2	249	638	0.39	190	0.0556	0.0013	0.5340	0.0110	0.0698	0.0005	434	32	434	7	435	3
3	125	351	0.36	104	0.0566	0.0019	0.5442	0.0171	0.0698	0.0007	476	52	441	11	435	4
4	71	147	0.48	44	0.0553	0.0032	0.5322	0.0296	0.0698	0.0009	425	101	433	20	435	5
5	111	286	0.39	86	0.0573	0.0020	0.5515	0.0184	0.0698	0.0007	505	56	446	12	435	4
6	124	347	0.36	104	0.0571	0.0014	0.5482	0.0122	0.0697	0.0006	496	35	444	8	434	3
7	72	172	0.42	58	0.0574	0.0013	0.6197	0.0129	0.0783	0.0006	508	32	490	8	486	4
8	259	761	0.34	226	0.0562	0.0008	0.5398	0.0062	0.0697	0.0004	459	15	438	4	435	3
9	87	216	0.4	64	0.0557	0.0033	0.5354	0.0304	0.0697	0.0010	440	103	435	20	435	6
10	144	218	0.66	67	0.0556	0.0034	0.5352	0.0321	0.0699	0.0010	436	109	435	21	435	6
11	105	173	0.61	59	0.0561	0.0011	0.5994	0.0100	0.0775	0.0005	456	25	477	6	481	3
12	78	199	0.39	59	0.0557	0.0015	0.5361	0.0136	0.0698	0.0006	442	42	436	9	435	3
13	96	197	0.48	66	0.0572	0.0010	0.6032	0.0093	0.0766	0.0005	497	22	479	6	475	3
14	142	427	0.33	127	0.0565	0.0012	0.5427	0.0099	0.0697	0.0005	471	27	440	6	434	3
15	127	311	0.41	94	0.0569	0.0012	0.5470	0.0100	0.0697	0.0005	487	28	443	7	435	3
16	517	481	1.08	155	0.0567	0.0009	0.5453	0.0067	0.0698	0.0005	480	16	442	4	435	3
17	214	745	0.29	221	0.0578	0.0009	0.5561	0.0069	0.0697	0.0005	524	16	449	4	435	3
18	97	291	0.33	87	0.0566	0.0012	0.5438	0.0105	0.0697	0.0005	476	29	441	7	434	3
19	74	222	0.33	66	0.0549	0.0026	0.5273	0.0244	0.0697	0.0008	406	82	430	16	435	5
20	78	199	0.39	59	0.0532	0.0029	0.5118	0.0268	0.0698	0.0009	338	96	420	18	435	5
21	34	99	0.35	30	0.0588	0.0017	0.5651	0.0156	0.0697	0.0006	559	46	455	10	435	3
22	85	225	0.38	73	0.0557	0.0012	0.5943	0.0119	0.0774	0.0006	441	31	474	8	480	3
23	93	246	0.38	74	0.0572	0.0016	0.5497	0.0140	0.0697	0.0006	498	41	445	9	435	4
24	174	646	0.27	192	0.0570	0.0010	0.5486	0.0082	0.0698	0.0005	491	21	444	5	435	3

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表 2 大村和古龙岩体主量、微量和稀土元素含量

Table 2. Chemical compositions and main geochemical parameters of the Dacun and Gulong plutons

元素	大村岩体		古龙岩体
元素	DCYT-1	DCYT-2	GLYT-1	GLYT-2	GLYT-3
SiO₂	61.70	63.55	61.80	62.15	63.31
Al₂O₃	16.45	16.51	17.00	16.97	16.73
Fe₂O₃	6.12	2.29	6.11	2.33	1.85
FeO	--	2.90	--	3.27	3.60
CaO	4.98	5.28	5.66	6.72	6.27
MgO	2.73	2.15	2.79	2.57	2.58
Na₂O	2.97	2.93	2.70	2.88	2.66
K₂O	2.09	1.73	1.24	1.16	1.03
TiO₂	0.43	0.39	0.37	0.35	0.34
MnO	0.13	0.12	0.13	0.13	0.13
P₂O₅	0.15	0.16	0.10	0.10	0.09
SrO	0.03	0.11	0.02	0.06	0.10
BaO	0.09	--	0.04	--	--
烧失量	1.88	1.59	1.53	1.15	1.13
总量	99.87	99.71	99.58	99.84	99.82
A/CNK	1.01	1.01	1.06	0.93	0.99
K/Na	0.70	0.59	0.46	0.40	0.39
ALK	5.06	4.66	3.94	4.04	3.69
Mg^#	0.47	0.44	0.47	0.46	0.47
A/MF	1.12	1.32	1.14	1.2	1.2
C/MF	0.62	0.77	0.69	0.87	0.81
Li	19.8	13.8	11.5	14.2	14.56
Be	1.24	1.6	0.84	0.99	1.08
Sc	14.4	14.6	13.4	16.6	16.1
V	161	114	160	128	134.1
Cr	40	21.1	40	18.9	45.1
Co	14.1	12.9	13.1	14.4	15.9
Ni	10.1	9.29	9.7	8.17	9.98
Cu	35.8	36.7	15.3	9.4	9.1
Zn	70	67	76	59	63.8
Ga	19.2	21.2	18.6	16.9	17.9
Rb	91.1	62	57.3	49.3	57.75
Sr	348	269	190.5	201	178.5
Zr	134	113	98	76.4	70.9
Nb	7.0	6.83	5.1	4.83	5.6
Cs	9.34	--	3.62	--	--
Ba	741	729	312	356	330
Hf	3.9	3.45	2.9	2.31	2.4
Ta	0.63	0.82	0.45	1.19	0.61
Pb	20.4	25.8	10.1	10.6	10.55
Th	17.70	15.9	6.61	6.49	7.16
U	3.13	1.96	1.35	1.34	1.36
La	27.3	33.16	15.8	13.47	35.57
Ce	50.9	56.53	29.2	26.72	61.71
Pr	5.60	5.89	3.19	3.07	7.31
Nd	18.4	19.05	11.2	11	26.23
Sm	2.91	3.03	2.21	2.52	4.58
Eu	0.85	0.86	0.67	0.68	1.13
Gd	2.81	3.07	2.26	2.44	4.49
Tb	0.45	0.43	0.39	0.42	0.66
Dy	2.83	2.74	2.51	2.61	3.49
Ho	0.61	0.58	0.54	0.58	0.68
Er	1.91	1.74	1.75	1.81	1.93
Tm	0.27	0.27	0.25	0.28	0.3
Yb	1.96	1.91	1.76	1.95	1.78
Lu	0.29	0.31	0.29	0.29	0.36
Y	14.1	16.73	11.7	15.99	19.53
ΣREE	117.09	129.57	72.02	67.84	150.22
LREE	105.96	118.52	62.27	57.46	136.53
L/H	9.52	10.73	6.39	5.54	9.97
（La/Yb）_n	9.99	12.45	6.44	4.95	14.33
δEu	0.90	0.85	0.91	0.83	0.75
δCe	0.96	0.91	0.95	0.98	0.89
注：DCYT-2、GLYT-2、GLYT-3数据据参考文献③；K/Na=K₂O/Na₂O，ALK=K₂O+Na₂O，Mg^#=Mg²⁺/(Mg²⁺+Fe²⁺)，L/H=LREE/HREE；主量元素含量单位为%，微量和稀土元素含量为10^-6

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表 3 大村和古龙岩体LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析结果

Table 3. LA-MC-ICP-MS zircon Lu-Hf isopote analyses for Dacun and Gulong plutons

点编号	年龄/Ma	¹⁷⁶Yb/¹⁷⁷Hf	¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf	¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf	2σ	T_DM/Ma	T_2DM/Ma	ε_Hf(0)	ε_Hf(t)	f_Lu/Hf
DCYT-1（大村岩体）
1	438	0.094742	0.001974	0.282566	0.000021	996	1307	-7.28	1.79	-0.94
2	438	0.045869	0.000977	0.282594	0.000018	931	1227	-6.31	3.05	-0.97
3	438	0.065670	0.001410	0.282579	0.000020	963	1268	-6.83	2.41	-0.96
4	438	0.061364	0.001310	0.282562	0.000021	984	1304	-7.42	1.84	-0.96
5	438	0.106841	0.002190	0.282614	0.000021	933	1204	-5.60	3.41	-0.93
6	438	0.066597	0.001353	0.282600	0.000021	932	1220	-6.09	3.16	-0.96
7	438	0.060702	0.001279	0.282554	0.000021	995	1322	-7.72	1.56	-0.96
8	438	0.061307	0.001299	0.282610	0.000020	916	1196	-5.73	3.54	-0.96
9	438	0.086500	0.001789	0.282609	0.000023	929	1206	-5.75	3.37	-0.95
10	438	0.073679	0.001534	0.282567	0.000019	984	1298	-7.26	1.94	-0.95
11	438	0.103527	0.002160	0.282597	0.000022	957	1242	-6.20	2.81	-0.93
12	438	0.072744	0.001558	0.282589	0.000023	952	1248	-6.47	2.72	-0.95
13	438	0.066163	0.001405	0.282583	0.000021	957	1258	-6.67	2.56	-0.96
14	438	0.107210	0.002281	0.282631	0.000024	911	1167	-5.00	3.99	-0.93
15	438	0.082429	0.001776	0.282572	0.000020	983	1291	-7.08	2.04	-0.95
16	438	0.079014	0.001717	0.282661	0.000021	853	1089	-3.93	5.22	-0.95
17	439	0.069528	0.001520	0.282609	0.000019	924	1203	-5.78	3.44	-0.95
18	438	0.105607	0.002101	0.282630	0.000020	908	1167	-5.04	4.00	-0.94
19	439	0.059836	0.001274	0.282563	0.000023	982	1300	-7.38	1.91	-0.96
20	438	0.061329	0.001308	0.282591	0.000017	943	1239	-6.40	2.86	-0.96
GLYT-1（古龙岩体）
1	439	0.057675	0.001214	0.282598	0.000021	931	1221	-6.15	3.16	-0.96
2	434	0.058904	0.001231	0.282587	0.000022	947	1249	-6.54	2.66	-0.96
3	435	0.102119	0.002014	0.282554	0.000021	1014	1336	-7.70	1.30	-0.94
4	435	0.062133	0.001259	0.282563	0.000022	982	1303	-7.40	1.81	-0.96
5	435	0.052015	0.001082	0.282529	0.000022	1024	1375	-8.58	0.69	-0.97
6	435	0.074282	0.001583	0.282567	0.000020	985	1301	-7.27	1.85	-0.95
7	434	0.062945	0.001280	0.282587	0.000022	948	1249	-6.54	2.65	-0.96
8	486	0.040869	0.000844	0.282544	0.000022	998	1308	-8.08	2.35	-0.97
9	435	0.129683	0.002543	0.282542	0.000024	1047	1373	-8.13	0.71	-0.92
10	435	0.071628	0.001422	0.282588	0.000021	950	1249	-6.51	2.66	-0.96
11	435	0.044872	0.000885	0.282501	0.000024	1059	1435	-9.58	-0.26	-0.97
12	481	0.086627	0.001723	0.282619	0.000023	913	1158	-5.40	4.65	-0.95
13	435	0.083514	0.001741	0.282663	0.000025	851	1087	-3.85	5.22	-0.95
14	475	0.081921	0.001723	0.282567	0.000022	989	1280	-7.26	2.66	-0.95
15	434	0.049708	0.001021	0.282500	0.000021	1064	1440	-9.62	-0.36	-0.97
16	435	0.073719	0.001520	0.282549	0.000022	1009	1340	-7.90	1.23	-0.95
17	435	0.123633	0.002363	0.282585	0.000023	979	1273	-6.60	2.29	-0.93
18	435	0.060560	0.001262	0.282504	0.000022	1066	1436	-9.49	-0.28	-0.96
19	434	0.067671	0.001377	0.282471	0.000020	1115	1511	-10.63	-1.47	-0.96
20	435	0.064088	0.001354	0.282513	0.000023	1056	1418	-9.18	0.01	-0.96
21	435	0.073446	0.001568	0.282532	0.000021	1035	1379	-8.51	0.62	-0.95
22	435	0.020413	0.000442	0.282559	0.000021	966	1297	-7.53	1.92	-0.99
23	480	0.076022	0.001574	0.282542	0.000021	1020	1329	-8.13	1.94	-0.95
24	0.435	0.065576	0.001341	0.282540	0.000019	1017	1356	-8.21	0.98	-0.96
注：ε_Hf(t)=10000 × {[(¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf)_S-(¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf)_S × (e^λt-1)]/[(¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf)_{CHUR, 0}-(¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf)_CHUR × (e^λt-1)]-1}, T_DM=1/λ ×ln{1+[(¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf)_S-(¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf)_DM]/[(¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf)_S-(¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf)_DM]}；T_DM^C=T_DM-(T_DM-t)×[(f_CC-f_S)/(f_CC-f_DM)]；f_Lu/Hf=(¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf)_S/(¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf)_CHUR-1其中：λ=1.867×10-11/a^[25]；(¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf)_S和 (¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf)_S为样品测量值；(¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf)_CHUR=0.0332；(¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf)_{CHUR, 0}=0.282772；(¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf)_DM=0.0384，(¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf)_DM=0.28325；(¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf) 平均地壳=0.015；f_CC=[(¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf) 平均地壳/(¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf)_CHUR]-1；f_S=f_Lu/Hf；f_DM=[(¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf)_DM/(¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf)_CHUR]-1；t为锆石结晶年龄

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桂东南大村和古龙岩体的成因:地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素制约

1. 广西壮族自治区地质调查院, 广西 南宁 530023 2. 中化地质矿山总局广西地质勘查院, 广西 南宁 530001 3. 广西遥感中心, 广西 南宁 430023

作者简介: 农军年 (1986-), 男, 硕士, 工程师, 从事区域地质矿产调查研究工作。E-mail:175070721@qq.com

Petrogenesis of Dacun and Gulong plutons in southeast Guangxi: Constraints from geochemistry, zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotope

1. Guangxi Institute of Geological Survey, Nanning 530023, Guangxi, China 2. Guangxi Geological Exploration Institute of CCGMB, Nanning 530001, Guangxi, China 3. Guangxi Center for Remote Sensing, Nanning 530023, Guangxi, China

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广西壮族自治区地质调查院, 广西南宁 530023

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中化地质矿山总局广西地质勘查院, 广西南宁 530001

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广西遥感中心, 广西南宁 430023

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Guangxi Institute of Geological Survey, Nanning 530023, Guangxi, China

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Guangxi Geological Exploration Institute of CCGMB, Nanning 530001, Guangxi, China

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Guangxi Center for Remote Sensing, Nanning 530023, Guangxi, China