Geological features of greenstone belt, typical gold deposits and gold mineralization in northern Guiana shield, South America
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摘要:
圭亚那地盾位于南美洲亚马孙克拉通的北部，其北部广泛发育太古宙典型的花岗岩-绿岩带，主要岩石组成为花岗岩、片麻岩和英云闪长岩，古元古代变质超基性-基性火山岩-侵入岩、其他变质火山岩等。由于独特的地质构造位置和复杂的构造演化历史，形成了良好的绿岩型金成矿地质背景，产生了大量的金矿床。通过总结圭亚那地盾北部绿岩带的岩石特征、成岩时代和构造演化历史，对委内瑞拉埃尔卡劳金矿、圭亚那欧迈金矿和苏里南罗瑟贝尔金矿进行典型矿床剖析，系统研究了该区绿岩带型金矿的成矿地质背景、成矿流体及成矿年代学特征，建立了区域绿岩带型金矿成矿模型，并在分析找矿要素的基础上，提出圭亚那地盾北部的金矿找矿方向。
Abstract:Guiana shield is located in the north of Amazon Craton, South America. Typical Archean granite-greenstone belt is developed extensively in the north part of Guiana shield. The rocks mainly include granite, gneiss, tonalite, Paleoproterozoic metamorphic ultrabasic-basic volcanic rock-intrusive rock and some other metavolcanic rocks. Guiana shield has a good geological background of greenstone-gold mineralization due to its unique tectonic position and complex tectonic evolution history. This paper provides a guideline for gold mine exploration in northern Guiana shield through a typical ore deposit analysis of Venezuela El Callao, Guiana Omai and Surinam Rosebel by Summarizing petrological features of Guiana greenstone belt in northern shield, petrogenic epoch as well as its tectonic evolutionary history. In addition, the authors made a systematic study of the metallogenic geological background of greenstone-gold deposit, ore-forming fluid, metallogenic chronology, and established a mineralization model for greenstone-gold mine. Exploration guides for gold deposits of Guiana shield are put forward based on the analysis of the ore-prospecting elements.
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Key words:
- greenstone belt /
- gold deposit /
- mineralization /
- Guiana shield /
- South America
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表 1 圭亚那地盾典型金矿床的主要特征[1]
Table 1. Main characteristics of gold deposits in the Guiana shield
矿床名称 欧迈 老鹰山 罗瑟贝尔 圣艾利 多林 埃尔卡劳 容矿岩石 范内尔(Fennell)矿体：石英闪长岩、安山岩、玄武岩
维诺特〔Wenot)矿体：流纹岩、石英斑岩、沉积岩、安山岩EM矿体:花岗岩类、花岗岩斑岩
麦哈哈〔Minehaha)地区:安山岩、沉积岩沉积岩、镁铁质及长英质火山岩、火山碎屑岩 流纹岩、花岗岩、镁铁质火山岩 花岗岩类、石英斑岩、火山岩、沉积岩 镁铁质及长英质火山岩、沉积岩、花岗岩类 围岩变质程度 绿片岩相、未变质的花岗岩类 绿片岩相、未变质的花岗岩类 中高级变质 中高级变质 绿片岩相 绿片岩相 构造 剪切带，网脉状 EM矿体:网脉状；
麦哈哈矿体:剪切带剪切带，褶皱 剪切带 剪切带，网脉状 剪切带，网脉状 围岩年龄 范内尔矿体：2094Ma 无数据，推测类似于Omai矿床 —— 2146Ma 2110Ma 2154Ma 成矿时代 2002Ma —— —— 1983~2002Ma 2067Ma —— 主要矿石及脉石矿物 自然金、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿、磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿、碲化物、辉钼矿、白钨矿、石英、碳酸盐岩、绢云母、电气石、绿泥石、绿帘石 黄铁矿、磁铁矿、辉钼矿、黄铜矿、白钨矿、锡石、石英、黑云母、绿泥石、绿帘石 自然金、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、石英、碳酸盐岩、钾长石、电气石 自然金、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、碲化物、方铅矿、辉钼矿、硫镉矿 电气石、石英、碳酸盐岩、绿泥石、白云母 黄铁矿、黄铜矿、辉钼矿、铜蓝、赤铁矿、石英、碳酸盐岩 热液蚀变类型 硫化、碳酸盐岩化、硅化、绢云母化绿泥石化、钠长石化 硅化、硫化、绢云母化、绿泥石化、泥化、钠帘石化 钟化、硫化、碳酸盐岩化 钟化、硫化、碳酸盐岩化、硅化 电气石化 电气石化、绢云母化、泥化 流体温度 170~260℃ —— —— > 350~400℃ 200~300℃ —— 深度 < 5km 浅成 5~10km 5~10km 5~10km —— δ34S(‰ CDT) -5.9~4.5 —— —— +0.8~+5.9 -0.5~+2.6 —— δ18Oquartz(‰ SMOW) +13.2~+14.0 —— —— +9.0~+11.7 +12.2~+14.0 —— δ18O(‰ SMOW) +11.7~+15.3 (方解石，铁白云石), +3.8~+4.3(白钨矿） —— —— +11.0~+11.7 (方解石) +10.8~+15.7 (方解石、铁白云石、菱铁矿） —— δ13Ccarb(‰ PDB) +1.4~+4.7 —— —— -3.5~-2.1 -5.2~-0.8 —— 
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