巴基斯坦及中国邻区构造单元划分及其演化
Tectonic Unit Division and Geological Evolution of Pakistan and Its Adjacent Regions
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摘要: 巴基斯坦位于特提斯构造域中部，处于印度板块、欧亚板块、阿拉伯板块的拼合部位，是研究喜马拉雅造山运动和特提斯构造域的热点地区之一。笔者结合前人研究成果，以巴米扬-康西瓦缝合带和北羌塘断裂、科希斯坦-拉达克缝合带和雅鲁藏布江缝合带为界，将研究区划分为卡拉库姆-塔里木板块、土耳其-中伊朗-冈底斯中间板块和印度板块3个一级构造单元，以及13个二级构造单元，11个三级构造单元，并论述了各构造单元的地质特征。在此基础上，分别从古、新特提斯洋的形成与闭合，以及印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞等3个方面讨论了研究区的演化过程。古、新特提斯构造演化时期，南帕米尔、羌塘、拉萨地块等逐渐从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解，先后形成了巴米扬-康西瓦、科希斯坦-拉达克和雅鲁藏布江等缝合带，以及主喀喇昆仑、主地幔等深大断裂，构成了研究区的主体大地构造格架。陆-陆碰撞造山过程，地壳伸展和裂陷作用形成了一系列断裂系统及其围陷的裂谷系和裂陷盆地，改造了原始沉积盆地的边缘和形态，控制着岩体的侵位和空间分布。Abstract: Pakistan is located in the middle section of the Tethyan tectonic domain, where is the junction of India plate, Eurasian plate and Arabian plate, thus it serves as one of the hot spots for studying the Himalayan orogeny and Tethys tectonic domain. Based on the previous studies, the tectonic units of Pakistan and its adjacent regions has been divided, and their geological evolution has been discussed, which provide some basic data for the geosciences comparative study of the border region in China and Pakistan. This studying area has been divided into 3 first-order tectonic units (Karakum-Tarim plate, Middle Iran-Gangdese intermediate plate and Indian plate), 13 secondary tectonic units and 11 third-grade tectonic units by taking Bamiyan-Kangxiwa suture and Kohistan-Ladakh suture as the boundaries, and then the geological characteristics of these tectonic units have been introduced. Finally, the evolution of this studying area has been discussed from the formation and evolution of Paleo-and Neo-Tethys Oceans, as well as the continent-continent collision. During the evolution process of Paleo-and Neo-Tethys Oceans, South Pamir, Qiangtang and Lhasa blocks were separated from the north margin of Gondwana supercontinent, and then the Bamiyan-Kangxiwa, Kohistan-Ladakh, Yarlungzangbo sutures, Main Karakorum and Main Mantle faults were formed successively, which constitute the main tectonic framework of this studying area. During the continent-continent collision orogeny process, a series of fault systems and related rifting systems or rifting basins were formed by the crustal extension and rifting, which reconstruct the edge and shape of original sedimentary basin and control the emplacement and spatial distribution of various rocks.
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Key words:
- tectonic unit /
- geological characteristics /
- evolution /
- Pakistan
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