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水体化学需氧量的检测方法

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罗国兵. 水体化学需氧量的检测方法[J]. 岩矿测试, 2013, 32(6): 860-874.
引用本文: 罗国兵. 水体化学需氧量的检测方法[J]. 岩矿测试, 2013, 32(6): 860-874.
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Guo-bing LUO. A Review on Detection Methods of Chemical Oxygen Demand in Water Bodies[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2013, 32(6): 860-874.
Citation: Guo-bing LUO. A Review on Detection Methods of Chemical Oxygen Demand in Water Bodies[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2013, 32(6): 860-874.
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水体化学需氧量的检测方法

  • 无锡市排水公司水质检测站，江苏 无锡 214011

详细信息
    作者简介: 罗国兵，高级工程师，主要从事环境检测、实验室质量管理工作。E-mail：gbluo324@163.com

  • 中图分类号: P641; O655.

A Review on Detection Methods of Chemical Oxygen Demand in Water Bodies

  • Water Quality Monitoring Station, Wuxi Drainage Company, Wuxi 214011, China

    摘要
  • 化学需氧量(COD)是反映水体受有机物污染的重要指标，其环境污染问题引起了广泛关注。2012年我国长江、黄河等十大流域的972个国控断面中有10.2%的断面为劣Ⅴ类水质，COD是主要污染指标之一,因此对水体中COD进行准确监测具有重要的意义。目前我国采用的COD标准方法具有操作繁琐、效率低、检测成本高、对环境容易造成二次污染等问题。针对传统检测方法存在的缺点，研究者对所用仪器设备(样品消解及测定)、消解试剂、检测方法等进行优化与改进。在此基础上，检测效率及准确性更高、环境友好的检测技术也相继被开发与应用。本文总结了近年来COD标准检测方法的改进与优化、新检测技术研究的主要进展。传统检测方法可检测COD含量为30~700 mg/L的轻度、中度污染水样；基于标准方法改进的检测方法将检出下限降低至8.6 mg/L，检出上限则扩展到1600 mg/L。这些方法可显著缩短检测时间，降低检测成本，但不能避免试剂对环境的污染，且对难降解有机物的氧化能力不足。在药物及免疫分析、矿物岩石分析等其他领域或指标检测中成熟的技术方法，如化学发光法、流动注射法或多种技术结合的新的检测方法，已经被应用于COD检测，检出下限仅为0.16 mg/L，检测时间进一步缩短，试剂污染也大幅降低。随着科技的发展，臭氧氧化法、电化学法等不拘泥于传统检测方法的新方法，特别是基于以羟基自由基(·OH)为主要氧化剂与有机物发生反应的光催化法及光电催化氧化技术，进一步将COD的检测范围拓宽至0~23200 mg/L，为COD的准确、快速、低成本及在线监测提供了参考。
    COD is regarded as an important index for representing the degree of organic pollution in water bodies, which has attracted wide attention. The water quality of 10.2% of the 972 state-controlled sections exceeded Ⅴ class among ten water areas such as the Yangtze River and the Yellow River in China in 2012. COD is one of the major pollution indicators in those water bodies. Therefore, it is of great importance to accurately monitor COD in water bodies. However, standard determination methods of COD have some disadvantages including complexity, low efficiency, high cost and severe secondary pollution. Aiming at the difficulties of traditional methods, instruments and equipment (sample digestion and determination), digestion reagents, and determination methods have been optimized and improved. In addition, certain environmentally friendly detection techniques with higher detection efficiency and accuracy have also been developed and applied. The most recent research progress of the determination methods of COD, including two main parts: the improved and optimized methods according to the standard ones, and new technologies or methods are reviewed in this paper. The traditional detection method is suitable for determining COD with the content range of 30-700 mg/L in light or moderate polluted water bodies. The improved and optimized methods extend the detection limits from 8.6 mg/L to 1600 mg/L, with the detection time shortened and cost of detection decreased significantly. However, the environmental pollution caused by chemical reagents could not be avoided, and oxidation ability to the refractory organics was insufficient. Flow injection, chemiluminescence or a combination of several techniques, which had already been used as the mature detection methods in drugs and immune analysis, mineral and rock analysis, have also been employed for the determination of COD in water bodies. Lower detection limit (0.16 mg/L) and faster detection time could be achieved, and the environmental pollution caused by the reagents was reduced dramatically. With the development of science and technology, some new methods such as ozone oxidation, electrochemical ones, especially as photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic determination technologies, based upon the reaction between hydroxyl radicals and organic compounds, have been developed recently. A wider detection range (0-23200 mg/L) was achieved by these new methods, which are capable of determining COD in water bodies with different pollution levels. The new techniques could provide a reference for the accurate, rapid, low-cost and on-line monitoring determination of COD.
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  • 图 1  化学发光系统测定水体中COD示意图[15]

    Figure 1. 

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图 2  微流体装置示意图[24]

    Figure 2. 

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图 3  传统检测方法的改进

    Figure 3. 

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    表 1  高盐废水检测中推荐的HgSO4/Cl-比例[12]

    Table 1.  Recommended HgSO4/Cl- ratios for COD analysis at high salinities [12]

    COD浓度
    ρ/(mg·L-1)    		推荐的HgSO4/Cl-比例
    Cl-浓度上限：2500 mg/LCl-浓度上限：5000 mg/LCl-浓度上限：7500 mg/LCl-浓度上限：10000 mg/L
    0~5010∶1~20∶1~30∶110∶1~20∶1~30∶1--
    50~10010∶1~20∶1~30∶110∶1~20∶1~30∶110∶1~20∶1~30∶130∶1
    100~15010∶1~20∶1~30∶110∶1~20∶1~30∶110∶1~20∶1~30∶120∶1~30∶1
    150~20010∶1~20∶1~30∶110∶1~20∶1~30∶110∶1~20∶1~30∶120∶1~30∶1
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 2  各类检测方法比较

    Table 2.  Comparison of different detection methods

    方法
    类型    		检测方法线性范围/
    (mg·L-1)    		检出限/
    (mg·L-1)    		样品类型方法优缺点文献来源
    标准方法改进Mn3+作氧化剂，微波消解与标准方法
    一致    		-废水微波消解时间仅1 min；与标准方法比对误差 < 4%，无需汞盐；不能避免铬盐的污染Domini等[11]
    CuSO4-MnSO4复合催化剂替代45～160045废水消解时间12 min；扩展了检测范围；不需银盐，不能避免汞盐、铬盐的二次污染邱婧伟等[36]
    普通分光光度计代替专用COD测定仪与标准方法
    一致    		与标准方法
    一致    		废水降低检测成本，消解时间为12 min，降低环境污染；所需试剂与快速法一致无改进付丽君等[9]
    双波长光谱法8.6～1008.6低污染
    水体    		提高了低污染水体的灵敏度，不需标准样品校正；消解时间长，消解温度等无改进蒋然等[14]
    高氯废水检测方法优化≤200-高氯低
    有机物废水    		优化了HgSO4的加入比例，适合Cl- < 10000 mg/L的高氯废水，增加了汞盐等的污染Kayaalp等[12]
    新的检测技术化学发光法(KMnO4-戊二醛高通量化学发光系统)0.16~19.240.1清洁水操作简单快速，检测效率高及污染少，检出限低，适合低含量水体中COD的检测；线性范围较窄Yao等[15]
    流动注射技术(微波
    消解，ICP结合)    		2.6～8501.2清洁水
    及废水    		多种技术结合，显著降低了检出限，Cl-含量 < 3000 mg/L不干扰测定；使用大型仪器，成本高Almeida等[17]
    臭氧氧化法
    (O3/UV)    		与标准方法
    一致    		0.03海水盐度无影响，检出限显著降低；适合海水在线监测；臭氧本身的局限导致方法氧化能力不足刘岩等[19]
    电化学法(BDD
    电极-超声消解)    		0～232000.19清洁水
    及废水    		线性范围很宽，检出限低。检测时间仅需5 min，电极制作成本高，不适合推广Wang等[69]
    光催化法(纳米
    TiO2- K2Cr2O7
    体系)    		0～1500.4轻度污染
    水体    		Cl-含量 < 2000.0 mg/L不干扰测定，无需汞盐。线性范围较窄，有待改进，成本较高李成芳等[80]
    光电催化氧化法(TNFs)0～2500.95中轻度
    污染水体    		测定快速(几分钟)，试剂污染少，氧化效率高。线性范围有待提升，成本高Mu等[24]
    下载: 导出CSV
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