Different Ionization Modes in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Food
-
摘要: 对食品中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析方法中三种离子化方式，电子轰击电离(EI)、正化学电离(PCI)和负化学电离(NCI)进行了总结和比较。PCI-MS/MS方法和EI-MS/MS方法都有很高的选择性和较高的灵敏度；PCI方法在分析含硝基、羰基等基团的化合物时有明显优势，EI则在分析狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、硫丹及其代谢物时比PCI表现稍好，而NCI-MS的灵敏度最高，但抗干扰能力稍弱，且不适合分析滴滴涕类和多氯联苯类化合物。在食品安全分析中，三种质谱方法的准确性好，精密度高，检测限较低，都能够满足食品中农残检测的要求，在日常检测工作中可互为补充和替代。同时指出，GC在有机氯化合物分析中仍表现出明显的优越性；常规的GC-MS尤其在EI电离模式下，易受到基质干扰而使谱图变得复杂；新型离子化方式包括高选择性化学电离技术的应用，将是食品安全中GC-MS联用分析的发展方向之一。Abstract: Different modes of electron impact (EI), positive chemical ionization (PCI) and negative chemical ionization (NCI) in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in food are summarized and compared in this paper. Both PCI-MS/MS and EI-MS/MS have high selectivity and sensitivity. PCI-MS/MS has obvious advantages in the analysis of compounds containing nitro or carbonyl groups, while EI-MS/MS has slightly better performance when dealing with dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan and its metabolites. NCI-MS has the highest sensitivity, but weaker anti-interference ability, and is not suitable for the analysis of DDTs and PCBs. In summary, these three mass spectrometry methods, which are complementary and alternative to the routine analysis, can satisfy the requirements of pesticide residue analysis in food by providing good accuracy, good precision and low detection limits.Also it points out that Gas Chromatography showed a superiority in organochlorine compound analysis, but for traditional GC-MS, especially in the EI ionization mode, the spectrum is more complicated because of matrix interference. New ionization modes including the highly selective chemical ionization, will be one of future developments and trends of Gas Chromatography applications in the field of food safety analysis.
-
-
[1] El-Shahawi M S, Hamza A, Bashammakh A S, Al-Saggaf W T. An overview on the accumulation, distribution, transformations, toxicity and analytical methods for the monitoring of persistent organic pollutants[J].Talanta, 2010, 80: 1587-1597. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.09.055
[2] Qin Y Y, Leung C K M, Lin C K, Leung A O W, Wang H S, Giesy J P, Wong M H. Halogenated POPs and PAHs in blood plasma of Hong Kong residents[J].Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45: 1630-1637.
[3] Iozza S, Muller C E, Schmid P, Bogdal C, Oehme M. Historical profiles of chlorinated paraffins and polychlorinated biphenyls in a dated sediment core from Lake Thun (Switzerland)[J].Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42: 1045-1050.
[4] Hopf N B, Ruder A M, Succop P. Background levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in the US population[J].Science of the Total Environment, 2009, 407: 6109-6119. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.035
[5] Henriquez-Hernandez L A, Luzardo O P, Almeida-Gonzalez M, Alvarez-Leon E E, Serra-Majem L, Zumbado M, Boada L D. Background levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in the population of the Canary Islands (Spain)[J].Environmental Reviews, 2011, 111: 10-16.
[6] Chia K J, Huang S D. Analysis of organochlorine pesticides in wine by solvent bar microextraction coupled with gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2006, 20: 118-124. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0231
[7] Jeon H R, Abd El-Aty M, Cho S K, Chio J H, Kim K Y, Park R D, Shim J H. Multiresidue analysis of four pesticide residues in water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica) via pressurized liquid extraction, supercriticall fluid extraction, and liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatographic determination[J].Journal of Separation Science, 2007, 30: 1953-1963. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1615-9314
[8] Zawiyah S, Man Y B C, Nazimah S A H, Chin C K, Tsukamoto I, Hamanyza A H, Norhaizan I. Determination of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides in fruit and vegetables using SAX/PSA clean-up column[J].Food Chemistry, 2007, 102: 98-103. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.003
[9] Wilkowska A M, Biziuk M. Rapid method for the deter-mination of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in fish muscle samples by microwave-assisted extraction and analysis of extracts by GC-ECD[J].Journal of AOAC International, 2010, 93: 1987-1994.
[10] Beyer A, Biziuk M. Comparison of efficiency of different sorbents used during clean-up of extracts for determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and pesticide residues in low-fat food[J].Food Research International, 2010, 43: 831-837. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.11.018
[11] Cieslik E, Sadowska-Rociek A, Ruiz J M M, Surma-Zadora M. Evaluation of QuEChERS method for the determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in selected groups of fruits[J]. Food Chemistry, 2011, 125: 773-778. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.019
[12] Garcia-Rodriguez D, Carro A M, Cela R, Lorenzo R A. Microwave-assisted extraction and large-volume injection gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of multiresidue pesticides in edible seaweed[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2010, 398: 1005-1016. doi: 10.1007/s00216-010-4006-z
[13] Alder L, Greulich K, Kempe G, Vieth B. Residue analysis of 500 high priority pesticides: Better by GC-MS or LC-MS/MS[J].Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 2006, 25: 838-865. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1098-2787
[14] Chusaksri S, Sutthivaiyakit S, Sutthivaiyakit P. Confir-matory determination of organochlorine pesticides in surface waters using LC/APCI/tandem mass spectrometry[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2006, 384: 1236-1245. doi: 10.1007/s00216-005-0248-6
[15] Famiglini G, Palma P, Pierini E, Trufelli H, Cappiello A. Organochlorine pesticides by LC-MS[J].Analytical Chemistry, 2008, 80: 3445-3449. doi: 10.1021/ac8000435
[16] Ramesh A, Vijayalakshmi A. Environmental exposure to residues after aerial spraying of endosulfan: Residues in cow milk, fish, water, soil and cashew leaf in Kasargode, Kerala, India[J].Pest Management Science, 2002, 58: 1048-1054. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1526-4998
[17] Blasco C, Fernandez M, Pena A, Lino C, Silveira M I, Font G, Pico Y. Assessment of pesticide residues in honey samples from Portugal and Spain[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003, 51: 8132-8138. doi: 10.1021/jf034870m
[18] Zhang Z L, Ohiozebau E, Rhind S M. Simultaneous extraction and clean-up of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls from sheep liver tissue by selective pressurized liquid extraction and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2011,1218:1203-1209. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.098
[19] Frenich A G, Plaza-B R, Vidal J L M. Compari-son of tandem-in-space and tandem-in-time mass spectrometry in gas chromatography determination of pesticides: Application to simple and complex food samples[J].Journal of Chromatography A, 2008, 1203: 229-238. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.041
[20] Kosikowska M, Biziuk M. Review of the determination of pesticide residues in ambient air[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2010, 29: 1064-1072. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.06.008
[21] Wong J W, Zhang K, Tech K, Hayward D G, Makovi C M, Krynitsky A J, Schenck F J, Banerjee K, Dasgupta S, Brown D. Multiresidue pesticide analysis in fresh produce by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectro-metry/selective ion monitoring (GC-MS/SIM) and -tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2010, 58: 5868-5883. doi: 10.1021/jf903854n
[22] Vidal J L M, Arrebola F J, Mateu-Sanchez M. Appli-cation of gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to the analysis of pesticides in fruits and vegetables[J].Journal of Chromatography A, 2002, 959: 203-213. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00444-2
[23] Frenich A G, Moreno J L F, Vidal J L M, Liebanas F J A. Application of gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for the multiresidue analysis of pesticides in olive oil[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007, 55: 8346-8352. doi: 10.1021/jf071615j
[24] Bolanos P P, Frenich A G, Vidal J L M. Application of gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in the quantification-confirmation of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in eggs at trace levels[J].Journal of Chromatography A, 2007, 1167: 9-17. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.019
[25] Gomara B, Garcia-Ruiz C, Gonzalez M J, Marina M J. Fractionation of chlorinated and brominated persistent organic pollutants in several food samples by pyrenyl-silica liquid chromatography prior to GC-MS determination[J].Analytica Chimica Acta, 2006, 565: 208-213. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.02.053
[26] Saito K, Sjodin A, Sandau C D, Davis M D, Nakazawa H, Matsuki Y, Patterson D G. Development of a accelerated solvent extraction and gel permeation chromatography analytical method for measuring persistent organohalogen compounds in adipose and organ tissue analysis[J].Chemosphere, 2004, 57: 373-381. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.04.050
[27] Rivera-Rodriguez L B, Rodriguez-Estrella R, Ellington J J, Evans J J. Quantification of low levels of organochlorine pesticides using small volumes (≤100μl) of plasma of wild birds through gas chromatography negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry[J].Environmental Pollution, 2007, 148: 654-662. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.11.018
[28] Yoon H R, Cho S Y, Kim J M, Yoon I B, Park M K, Park J H. Analysis of multi-component pesticide residues in herbal medicines by GC-MS with electron impact ionization and with positive- and negative-ion chemical ionization[J].Chromatographia, 1999, 49: 525-534. doi: 10.1007/BF02467753
[29] Chaler R, Vilanova R, Santiago-Silva M, Fernandez P, Grimalt J O. Enhanced sensitivity in the analysis of trace organochlorine compounds by negative-ion mass spectrometry with ammonia as reagent gas[J].Journal of Chromatography A, 1998, 823: 73-79. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00516-0
[30] Rothweiler B, Berset J D. High sensitivity of ortho-substituted polychlorobiphenyls in negative ion mass spectrometry (NCI-MS): A comparison with EI-MS and ECD for the determination of regulatory PCBs in soils[J].Chemosphere, 1999, 38: 1517-1532. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00372-5
[31] Chernetsova E S, Revelsky A I, Revelsky I A, Mikhasenko I A, Sobolevsky T G. Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the negative chemical ionization mode with different reagent gases[J].Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 2002, 21: 373-387. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1098-2787
[32] Niessner G, Buchberger W, Eckerstorfer R. Multi-residue screening methods for the determination of pesticides in plant materials[J].Journal of Chromatography A, 1999, 846: 341-348. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00198-3
[33] Zhang X A, Mobley N, Zang J G, Zheng X M, Lu L, Ragin O, Smith C J. Analysis of agricultural residues on tea using d-SPE sample preparation with GC-NCI-MS and UHPLC-MS/MS[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2010, 58: 11553. doi: 10.1021/jf102476m
[34] Medina C M, Pitarch E, Portoles T, Lopez F J, Hernandez F. GC-MS/MS multi-residue method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides, polychlori-nated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human breast tissues[J].Journal of Separation Science, 2009, 32: 2090-2102. doi: 10.1002/jssc.v32:12
[35] Hernando M D, Aguera A, Fernandez-Alba A R, Piedra L, Contreras M. Gas chromatographic determination of pesticides in vegetable samples by sequential positive and negative chemical ionization and tandem mass spectrometric fragmentation using an ion trap analyzer[J].Analyst, 2001, 126: 46-51. doi: 10.1039/b006933g
[36] Haib J, Hofer I, Renaud J M. Analysis of multiple pesticide residues in tobacco using pressurized liquid extraction, automated solid-phase extraction clean-up and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A, 2003, 1020: 173-187. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.049
[37] Louter A J H, van Doornmalen J, Vreuls J J, Brinkman U A T. On-line solid-phase extraction thermal desorp-tion gas chromatography with ion trap detection tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of microcontaminants in water[J].Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, 1996, 19: 679-685. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1521-4168
[38] Sauret N, Millet M, Herckes P, Mirabel P, Wortham H. Analytical method using gas chromatography and ion trap tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of S-triazines and their metabolites in the atmosphere[J].Environmental Pollution, 2000, 110: 243-252. doi: 10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00299-7
[39] Aguera A, Contreras M, Crespo J, Fernandez-Alba A R. Multiresidue method for the analysis of multiclass pesticides in agricultural products by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J].Analyst, 2002, 127: 347-354. doi: 10.1039/b109499h
[40] Hernando M D, Piedra L, Belmonte A, Aguera A, Fernandez-Alba A R. Determination of traces of five antifouling agents in water by gas chromatography with positive/negative chemical ionisation and tandem mass spectrometric detection[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2001, 938: 103-111. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01201-8
[41] Mastovska K, Lehotay S J. Rapid sample preparation method for LC-MS/MS or GC-MS analysis of acrylamide in various food matrices[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006, 54: 7001-7008. doi: 10.1021/jf061330r
[42] Cao X W, Shen W J, Zhu J, Zhang J, Jiang Y, Zhao Z Y, Wu B, Yu K Y, Liu H, Lian H Z, Shen C Y. A comparative study of the ionization modes in GC-MS multi-residue method for the determination of organo-chlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in crayfish[J].Food Analytical Method, DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9447-x.
[43] Portoles T, Sancho J V, Hernandez F, Newton A, Hancock P. Potential of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source in GC-QTOF MS for pesticide residue analysis[J].Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 2010, 45: 926-936. doi: 10.1002/jms.1784
-
计量
- 文章访问数: 829
- PDF下载数: 2
- 施引文献: 0
下载: