Study on Firing Technique of Celadon Wares Excavated from Caocun Kiln in Linzhang, Hebei Province
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摘要: 河北地区古代瓷窑产品的理化测试工作多集中于隋唐、宋金时期的器物，北朝等早期产品的分析数据则少有报道。本文运用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射、岩相、吸水率测试和烧成温度测定等分析方法，对曹村窑址出土青釉样品的工艺特征开展研究。结果表明，2件样品釉层氧化钙含量分别为17.86%和14.1%，烧成温度分别达到1150.1℃和1185.2℃，证明这2件样品属于青瓷，从而证实了曹村窑是已发现的我国北方早期烧制青瓷的窑口之一；其余样品釉层氧化铅含量大于42%，部分样品吸水率低于5%，X射线衍射结果显示胎体中出现莫来石相，证明曹村窑可以生产出瓷胎铅釉陶。结合样品烧成温度均在1000℃以上，远高于铅釉成熟温度，推断曹村窑的瓷胎铅釉陶在北朝时期已经使用了二次烧成工艺。这一复杂工艺的产生，有可能为唐三彩的出现作了技术铺垫。Abstract: Current research on ancient porcelain in Hebei province is focused mainly on samples of Sui, Tang, Song and Jin Dynasty, while porcelain of the Northern Dynasties attracts little attention. This paper reports a method using X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) analysis, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), lithofacies analysis, water absorption test and dilatometer were to study the celadon wares excavated from the Caocun Kiln. In two samples, the contents of CaO were found to be 17.86% and 14.1%, with sintering temperatures of 1150.1℃ and 1185.2℃. In the remaining samples, the contents of PbO were no less than 42%, the water absorptions of partial samples were less than 5%, and mullite was found in the X-ray diffraction pattern. In conclusion, both celadon porcelain and lead-glaze pottery were found in the excavated artifact, which provides evidence to support the hypothesis that the Caocun kiln was one of the earliest kilns, manufacturing celadon porcelain in the north of China. The lead-glaze potteries were secondary sintered based on the sintering temperature of more than 1000℃, which was much higher than that for lead-glaze pottery. This new production technique may pave the way for tricolored glazed pottery at the Tang Dynasty. Conducting experiments such as these is helpful in the understanding of the development process of porcelains in North China.
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表 1 样品烧成温度
Table 1. Firing temperature of the samples
样品编号 烧成温度/℃ Lc01 1052.1 Lc02 1181.7 Lc03 1119.9 Lc04 1101.9 Lc05 1000.2 Lc06 1055.6 Lc07 1044.8 Lc08 1160.6 Lc09 1153.4 CC01 1150.1 CC02 1185.2 
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表 2 样品釉层化学组成
Table 2. Chemical composition of the glazes in samples
样品编号 wB/% SiO2 Al2O3 PbO CaO Fe2O3 K2O P2O5 Lc01釉 40.662 11.264 42.337 1.326 2.283 1.308 0.820 Lc02釉 26.976 7.308 62.480 1.284 - 0.583 0.793 Lc03釉 40.129 10.672 43.529 0.792 1.790 1.625 1.463 Lc04釉 38.025 11.740 46.344 3.002 - 0.890 - Lc05釉 31.663 5.974 59.901 0.959 0.868 0.635 - Lc06釉 25.891 4.424 64.814 1.178 1.256 0.447 1.422 Lc07釉 25.220 5.705 62.125 1.907 1.790 0.732 1.502 Lc09釉 37.862 12.499 43.392 1.851 1.665 1.323 - CC01釉 56.390 15.290 - 17.860 3.260 3.760 0.990 CC02釉 55.040 21.970 - 14.100 4.720 2.130 -
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表 3 样品胎体化学组成
Table 3. Chemical composition of the bodies in samples
样品编号 wB/% SiO2 Al2O3 PbO CaO Fe2O3 MgO K2O TiO SO3 Lc01胎 58.609 26.616 0.465 3.300 3.742 - 3.706 1.410 2.152 Lc02胎 52.166 20.751 0.182 6.530 4.534 1.525 3.456 1.409 7.910 Lc03胎 61.962 22.473 1.457 2.695 3.096 1.557 3.888 1.255 1.618 Lc04胎 62.472 25.928 0.836 1.828 3.007 1.116 3.503 1.257 - Lc05胎 63.957 26.347 0.610 1.747 1.553 0.766 3.381 1.207 - Lc06胎 62.850 26.977 - 1.236 2.102 1.001 3.416 1.256 1.163 Lc07胎 62.575 25.528 0.264 1.660 2.459 1.367 3.680 1.245 1.222 Lc08胎 65.027 24.560 0.052 1.757 2.510 - 3.163 1.956 0.724 Lc09胎 58.334 26.135 3.662 3.289 2.750 1.425 3.106 1.300 -
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表 4 样品吸水率
Table 4. Water absorption of the samples
样品编号 m/g 吸水率/% 干重 饱水重 Lc01 32.09478 33.38478 4.02 Lc02 38.25151 40.93750 7.02 Lc03 11.59437 12.01521 3.63 Lc04 20.63156 21.35250 3.49 Lc05 15.12442 17.07270 12.88 Lc06 15.39489 18.18783 18.14 Lc07 9.05563 10.48190 15.75
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