Karst leakage and its sealing at Wanzi reservoir in Luoping county on the plateau of eastern Yunnan
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摘要:
在总结和分析前人研究成果的基础上,结合云南省罗平湾子水库地层岩性、地质构造、水文地质工程地质条件、岩溶发育特征、水库汇流条件、多次补漏未遂等因素,对影响水库渗漏的主要因素进行分解,结果表明:岩溶强发育带地层中溶蚀孔、洞发育,土工膜铺盖封闭库底,蓄水后便在土工膜之下、地下水位之上的岩溶空隙中形成真空,在库水位频繁、大幅度波动条件下易发生真空吸蚀作用,充填物部分被淘空;库底以上的蓄水压力与库底以下的真空产生的负压叠加后形成附加应力,当附加应力大于孔洞之上岩土体的抗剪强度,或大于孔、洞充填物与洞壁之间的粘结强度时发生冲切破坏,这是导致水库多次补漏未遂,且同一渗漏片区重复发生岩溶塌陷、出现落水洞的主要原因。在库区内补漏具有很大的局限性,而在库区外适当部位设置防渗帷幕,不仅可根治渗漏,还可明显抬高地下水位,改善蓄水条件,扩大原设计库容数倍。
Abstract:Built on the Dagan river-a three-tier tributary of the Nanpan river from the Zhujiang river system, Wanzi reservoir is located at Wanzi village on the edge of Luoping basin 13 km from the southwest of Luoping county of Yunan Province. It is a typically karst-damaged reservoir in eastern Yunnan, with its lateral leakage toward lower adjacent valley. The landform of this reservoir belongs to erosion-corrosion alpin and medium-height mountains of eastern Yunan structure. The control drainage area of Wanzi reservoir is 104 km2 with the average runoff of 8,843×104 m3. This medium-sized reservoir covers a designed irrigation area of 2,133×104 m2 with its designed height of 23.5 m and normal capacity of 1,046×104 m3. It has experienced four times of leakage sealing since its construction in 1959, but the leakage reaches more than 0.5 m3·s−1 at medium water level with water supply of only 141.7×104 m3.In order to provide the theoretical foundation for further successful sealing and even the expanding of reservoir capacity, we investigate the main causes of the failure of leakage sealing. Meanwhile, we also profoundly analyze the factors of leakage according to the previous studies as well as the data about Wanzi reservoir such as stratum lithology, geological structure, geological conditions of hydrogeological engineering, characteristics of karst development, conditions of flow concentration, the failure of sealing, etc. Results show that because the study area is located on the strong karst development zone controlled by stratum lithology and structure, the vacuum suction erosion and the groundwater erosion caused by frequent and substantial water-level fluctuation result in corrosion fissures and the scouring of holes. The additional stress, composed of the water storage pressure and the negative pressure caused by the vacuum due to the coverage and enclosure of reservoir bottom, is larger than the shear strength, or larger than the strength bonding karst cave fillings and cave walls. Consequently, there exist failures of leakage sealing, sinkholes and the repeated karst collapse in the same leakage area, all of which are the main causes of leakage.In spite of several relatively separate leakage belts inside the reservoir area, all the leakage belts outside converge into the karst pipelines on both sides of the reservoir. These karst pipelines characterized by bedded development are narrow due to the holdup of clastic rocks. The leakage sealing spots scattering over a large area bringing huge engineering work and the failure of leakage protection. However, the water-tight curtain properly laid out outside the reservoir area can not only eradicate the leakage, but it can also effectively raise the groundwater level to improve storage conditions. In the way of laying out water-tight curtain, the reservoir capacity can be expanded more than 3 times as large as the previous one, equal to 3 other medium-sized reservoirs.
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近年来,西非成为当前油气勘探的热点区,也是国内石油公司进行海外油气勘探的焦点区。西非最南端的奥坦尼瓜盆地,为南非国家所辖。我国与南非有着良好的合作关系,该盆地近几年勘探活动处于低迷状态,其勘探潜力和勘探方向一直是各个石油公司备受关注的。据USGS(2012)预测,奥坦尼瓜盆地仍具有较高的勘探潜力,石油待发现资源量23.4亿bbl,天然气待发现资源量36 Tcf。目前,该盆地油气发现主要集中在西部,东部没有油气发现,什么因素影响盆地的油气分布不均?未来该盆地的勘探方向在哪?笔者利用收集到的部分井和地震资料以及IHS、Tellus数据库和公开网等资料,在对盆地构造演化和油气地质条件分析的基础上,对盆地油气分布差异进行了探讨,并提出了盆地下一步的勘探方向,旨在为关注或者计划开展该盆地油气勘探研究的公司提供勘探建议。
1. 盆地概况
奥坦尼瓜盆地位于南非南部海上,西侧和南侧为阿古拉斯(Agulhas)走滑带,北靠非洲大陆,南部为印度洋(图 1)。盆地面积8.1万km2。水深0~3 500 m。由5个次盆地构成,以中生界地层为主,处于中—低勘探阶段。
奥坦尼瓜盆地由5个次盆地组成,由西向东依次为布雷达斯多普、茵梵塔、普雷特莫斯、冈吐斯和阿尔格次盆地。布雷达斯多普(Bredasdorp),面积21 907 km2,沉积盖层最大厚度6 km;茵梵塔(Infanta),面积7 869 km2,沉积盖层最大厚度2.5 km;普雷特莫斯(Pletmos),面积15 138 km2,沉积盖层最大厚度6 km;冈吐斯(Gamtoos),面积3 772 km2,沉积盖层最大厚度10.2 km;阿尔格(Algoa),面积7 381 km2,沉积盖层最大厚度6 km。
2. 构造演化与地层发育
奥坦尼瓜盆地是冈瓦纳大陆解体的产物,经历了裂谷期、过渡期和漂移期三大构造演化阶段。中—晚侏罗世,东西冈瓦纳大陆开始解体,在盆地范围内广泛发育NW—SE向裂谷半地堑[2]。在白垩纪初期(贝利阿斯期—凡兰吟期),南美与非洲板块的分离引起奥坦尼瓜盆地断陷活动进一步加强。在凡兰吟晚期,盆地由裂谷作用向热沉降作用过渡,该过渡时期持续时间较短。直到巴雷姆—阿普特期,南美与非洲板块逐渐分离,处于盆地南部的NE—SW向阿古拉斯走滑带开始发育,此时盆地进入典型被动大陆边缘阶段。阿古拉斯走滑带的发育造成盆地东部构造抬升相当剧烈[3, 4],裂谷期地层发生大角度抬升,并遭受剥蚀(图 2)。奥坦尼瓜盆地西部受走滑带影响有一定程度构造抬升[5-7],但由于该走滑带呈NE—SW向展布,盆地西部离走滑带距离相对较远,因此, 阿普特期西部构造活动强度相对较弱,地层保存相对较完整(图 3)。晚白垩世至今,奥坦尼瓜盆地所处构造背景稳定,以持续性区域沉降为主。
受三大构造演化阶段的控制,盆地发育3套沉积层序,分别为裂谷层序、过渡期层序和漂移期层序。裂谷层序包含一套厚层的盆底扇、河流相、湖相和海湾相沉积,以底砾岩、砂泥岩为主,在顶部出现薄层海相泥岩沉积。过渡期层序以海相泥岩沉积为主,夹薄层砂岩,由于受到后期走滑断层的影响,盆地范围内过渡期地层剥蚀程度不一。在盆地东部冈吐斯和阿尔格次盆地几乎全被剥蚀,仅在冈吐斯次盆地局部有所残留。在盆地西部,布雷达斯多普次盆地北部整体遭受剥蚀,局部发育下切谷,南部发育海相泥岩和少量浊积砂体。漂移期层序为一套河流—三角洲—滨浅海相被动大陆边缘沉积,盆地范围内广泛发育。
3. 油气地质条件
奥坦尼瓜盆地已证实为含油气盆地,具有良好的石油地质条件[8]。
盆地主力烃源岩有2套,分别为漂移期下白垩统欧特里夫阶和巴雷姆—阿普特阶烃源岩,次要烃源岩为上侏罗统和白垩系土伦阶。欧特里夫阶深海相泥岩,Ⅱ2/Ⅲ型干酪根,偏生气,平均厚度80 m。盆地东部阿尔格次盆地钻遇73 m该套烃源岩,TOC为1.3%~ 1.9%,HI为100~120 mg/g,由于埋藏较浅,现今未达到成熟阶段。巴雷姆—阿普特阶深海相泥岩,Ⅱ2/Ⅲ型干酪根,TOC为2.5%~3.5%,平均值3%,HI为160~350mg/g,平均值为250 mg/g,S2为4~12 kg/t,盆地西部3个次盆地已达到成熟排烃阶段[9, 10]。
主要储集层有裂谷期顶部凡兰吟阶浅海相砂岩,分选好,次生孔隙较发育。同时,大套含泥背景下沉积的阿尔比阶深水碎屑流砂岩也是一套重要的储层[11]。2套碎屑岩储层上覆由大套漂移期海相泥岩所封盖,储盖配置良好。
盆地圈闭的发育受两大期构造演化的影响,具有典型的“上下二分”的特征。裂谷期断裂十分活跃,以断块圈闭为主;漂移期由于断裂活动已经停止,进入稳定的陆架边缘沉积阶段,在“泥包砂”的沉积背景下,以构造—岩性和地层型圈闭为主。
从现在已发现的油气来看,盆地已证实存在下白垩统—下白垩统一套含油气系统。
4. 油气分布规律
4.1 油气分布特征
截止到目前,盆地累计发现41个油气田/藏,其中石油可采储量2 042万m3, 凝析油可采储量2 016万m3, 天然气可采储量1 160亿m3。
从平面分布上看,西部布雷达斯多普和茵梵塔次盆地发现最多,二者发现油气当量占盆地90%;布雷达斯多普次盆地,油气并重,石油可采储量1 998万m3,凝析油752万m3,天然气可采储量401亿m3;茵梵塔次盆地以天然气发现为主,天然气可采储量603亿m3(图 4)。从油气发现层系上看,绝大多数已发现可采储量集中在凡兰吟阶,占盆地已发现可采储量的75%,其次为阿尔比阶浊积砂岩中。
奥坦尼瓜盆地勘探已有50多年,勘探程度西高东低。在钻探的探井数量上,5个次盆地分别为,布雷达斯多普140口、茵梵塔56口、普雷特莫斯38口、冈吐斯12口和阿尔格29口,从目前盆地已发现油气来看,呈现典型西多东少的特点,绝大部分油气发现集中在西部的3个次盆地(图 4)。
4.2 油气分布差异
奥坦尼瓜盆地5个次盆地所经历的构造演化阶段相同,而发现的油气却呈现“西多东少”的特点(图 4),为何会形成如此油气分布差异。分析认为,构造活动和有效烃源岩展布控制了盆地油气分布格局。
(1) 阿古拉斯走滑带控制各次盆过渡期和漂移早期构造演化
南美与非洲板块的分离,在奥坦尼瓜盆地南部发育一条大规模NEE—SWW向右旋走滑断裂,该断裂向盆地东部逐渐收敛。盆地东部受右旋走滑挤压的影响,裂谷期地层发生强烈掀斜,遭受抬升剥蚀。盆地西部受走滑应力影响较弱,以构造沉降为主。从盆地东部构造演化史来看(图 2),盆地东部受到强烈挤压影响,冈吐斯次盆地和阿尔格次盆地在过渡期和漂移早期遭受抬升剥蚀。从现今残留的地层来看,上侏罗统地层部分剥蚀,下白垩统贝利阿斯阶—凡兰吟阶地层剥蚀严重,仅在局部有所残留早白垩世凡兰吟晚期—阿普特早期的地层在盆地东部完全缺失。而盆地西部在白垩纪早期构造活动相对稳定,地层保存较完整(图 3),钻井也证实下白垩统欧特里夫阶—阿普特阶地层的存在。
(2) 有效烃源岩展布影响油气的差异聚集
阿古拉斯走滑带控制了盆地在过渡期和漂移早期的构造演化,而此时期正是盆地下白垩统欧特里夫阶和巴雷姆—阿普特阶2套烃源岩发育的时期。盆地东部发育的次盆地面积本身较小,从前述可知,欧特里夫阶烃源岩缺失,仅发育部分阿普特阶烃源岩。由于埋藏深度较浅,阿普特阶烃源岩现今尚未大规模达到成熟阶段。
在盆地西部,欧特里夫阶和巴雷姆—阿普特阶2套烃源岩均有所发育,大部分现今已达到成熟—高成熟演化阶段。从已有的资料来看,欧特里夫阶烃源岩主要在布雷达斯多普次盆地、普雷特莫斯和茵梵塔次盆地西部,在布雷达斯多普次盆热演化程度较高,大部分进入高成熟—过成熟演化阶段,局部Ro超过1.8%(图 5),以生天然气为主。巴雷姆—阿普特阶烃源岩在盆地西部3个次盆地均有分布,主要发育在布雷达斯多普次盆地,大部分进入生油窗,局部Ro>1.4%(图 6)。上述2套烃源岩的有机质类型和成熟度决定了盆地油气发现以天然气为主,石油为辅。
正是盆地东西部有效烃源岩分布的差异和构造活动的影响,造成现今油气分布的格局。
5. 结论与认识
(1) 奥坦尼瓜盆地经历裂谷期、过渡期和漂移期三大构造演化阶段,现今为一典型被动大陆边缘盆地。盆地东部构造活动剧烈,裂谷期地层遭受大规模抬升剥蚀。盆地西部构造活动相对稳定,地层保存较完整。
(2) 盆地发育漂移期欧特里夫阶和巴雷姆—阿普特阶2套主力烃源岩,2套烃源岩的主力生烃灶主要发育在盆地西部。圈闭发育具有典型的两分特征,裂谷期以构造圈闭为主,漂移期以构造—岩性圈闭为主。
(3) 从层系上看,绝大多数油气发现集中在裂谷期顶部凡兰吟阶储层中。平面上,油气发现呈现“西多东少”的特点。
(4) 盆地东西部有效烃源岩分布的差异和构造活动的影响,共同控制了盆地东西部油气分布格局和未来勘探潜力,因此,该盆地下一步的勘探前景区应聚焦盆地西部,重点是茵梵塔次盆地和普雷特莫斯次盆地。
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表 1 库区岩溶垂向发育分带指标一览表
Table 1. Indexes of vertical karst development belts
岩溶发育强度 定量指标 定性指标 溶洞规模/m 钻孔单位吸水率/Lu 岩组特征 地质构造 地下水运动 强烈 ≥1 ≥100 纯碳酸盐岩各类风化带,
与非纯碳酸盐岩接触带断裂破碎带,
节理裂隙发育垂向径流带、季节波动带
及水平循环带上部中等 0.2~1 10~100 非纯碳酸盐岩、纯碳酸
盐岩强风化带断裂影响带,
节理较发育水平循环带下部 微弱 ≤0.2 ≤10 非纯碳酸盐岩、纯碳酸
盐岩中风化带以下断裂影响有限,
节理不发育深部循环带 -
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