Overview of field monitoring for acid mine water system of the coal mine in Shandi river basin
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摘要:
酸性矿井水在我国鲁西南、山西、内蒙、云南和贵州等煤矿区普遍存在，酸性矿井水其pH往往在2~5之间，高SO42−、HB、TDS、Fe、Mn。这些物质进入地下水、地表水或土壤后，会对其造成严重危害。文章选择山西阳泉市典型废弃煤矿区山底河流域为研究区，通过水文地质调查，水文地质钻探，水文地质剖面等方法阐述山底流域地层岩性，水文地质条件概况，得出受煤矿开采影响，与天然条件下相比山底河流域的地表水和地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件均发生了根本变化。补给通过破坏产生的导水裂隙带运移，以垂向运动为主；径流通过坑道，导水裂隙带运移，以横向运动为主；排泄以矿坑排水和泉水溢出方式为主。并简述山底河流域煤矿酸性矿井水试验站观测站分布情况与水化学特征。
Abstract:Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespread in coal mining areas such as southwest Shandong, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan and Guizhou. The pH value of acidic mine water often ranges between 2 and 5, with high sulfate, Hb, TDS(Total dissolved solids), Fe, Mn and others. The acidic characteristics of acid mine water make Hg, as, CD, Pb, Co, Ni and other trace elements dissolve in the coal seam, and hence accelerate the reaction speed of phenolic organics and increase the toxicological composition. These harmful substances will do severe harm to groundwater, surface water or soil. Shanxi Province, known as the "coal sea", is located in the middle reach of the Yellow River Basin. But the problem of coal resource depletion in Shanxi Province is gradually exposed. In 2010, the mined-out area covered about 20,000 square kilometers, accounting for one eighth of the land area of Shanxi Province. In the coming decades, a large number of acid mine water from closed coal mines in Shanxi Province will overflow and enter the surface water, and the groundwater will become a "permanent pollution source" exerting an extensive and profound impact. With two major water systems—the Yellow River Basin and the Haihe River Basin, Shanxi Province is known as the "water tower of north China Plain". Every year, nearly 5 billion cubic meters of surface water flows overseas, but the polluted surface water and groundwater resources may threaten the ecological environment of other river basins. Significant progress has been made in the study of the mechanism of acid mine water and environmental problems. However, most of the study areas are concentrated in Guizhou and other places in Southwest China, and relatively little research has been conducted in Shanxi, one of the semi-arid and semi humid areas, where the problem of potential acid drainage in coal mines is more serious. In this paper, the Shandi River Basin, a typical abandoned coal mine area in Yangquan City, Shanxi Province, is selected as the study area. Through hydrogeological survey, hydrogeological drilling, hydrogeological profile and other methods, the formation lithology and hydrogeological conditions of the Shandi river basin are described. It is concluded that due to the influence of coal mining, the supply, runoff and discharge conditions of surface water and groundwater in Shandi river basin have changed fundamentally, compared with natural conditions. The recharge mainly migrates vertically through the water-conducting fracture zone generated by destruction. The runoff mainly flows transversely through the tunnel and the water conducting-fracture zone. The drainage takes on two main types, pit drainage and spring overflow. The pH value of acid mine water in mountain basin is 2.47-7.28, averaging 4.17. Ca2+ value is 141.81-525.00 mg·L−1, averaging 408.48 mg·L−1. SO42− value is 1,084.55-13,683.47 mg·L−1, averaging167.82 mg·L−1. The hydro chemical types are Na-SO4, Ca·Mg-SO4, Mg-SO4andMg·Ca-SO4. The cations are mainly Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+, and the anions are mainly SO42−. The acidification reaction rate of FeS2 in closed reduction environment is slow, but fast in open oxidation environment. The pH value of AMD at the main discharge outlet of Shandi river basin is 2.47, and the SO42− value is 3,848.5mg·L−1. The groundwater in this basin is mainly supplied by the infiltration of precipitation, surface water and coal mine drainage in the mined-out area, and finally discharges from Shandi village. Covering an area of 58.4 km2, Shandi river basin is a complete and independent water circulation system where open-pit mining, in-situ mining and closed pit mining are integrated. In this circulation system, water in all kinds converges in the mined-out area, and then discharges. With unique hydrogeological conditions, the basin is a field monitoring and testing site specific for the production, migration and discharge of acid drainage in coal mines. At the same time, it is also a research site for prevention and treatment.
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表 1 山底河流域煤矿酸性水循环试验站水质及流量监测点汇总表
Table 1. Summary of water quality and flow monitoring points of acid water circulation test station of coal mines in Shandi river basin
站点名称 监测点
类别监测点
高程/m监测内容 山底站 降水 864 降水量/mm 西沟站 降水 973 榆林垴钻孔 矿坑水 991.5 pH、水温、电导率、溶解氧、Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+、NH4+、Fe2+、Fe3+、Cl−、SO42−、CO32−、HCO3−、Mn、溶解性总固体等 小沟露天矿 矿坑水 857 庙沟泉 矿坑水 865 柳沟泉 矿坑水 832 山底河高桥堰 矿坑水 827 跃进煤矿岩溶井 岩溶水 908 山底村岩溶井 岩溶水 830 河底镇岩溶井 岩溶水 836 柳沟观测堰 矿坑水 831 主排泄点流量 山底河高桥观测堰 矿坑水 827 总出口流量（地表水+主排泄点） 温河入口观测堰 矿坑水 803.1 入温河口流量（地表水+主排泄点－灰岩段渗漏量） 
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