南洞地下河流域水质分析及灌溉适用性评价

李军; 杨国丽; 朱秀群; 徐利; 朱丹尼; 赵一; 李衍青; 蓝芙宁

doi:10.11932/karst20230203

南洞地下河流域水质分析及灌溉适用性评价

1.
河北建筑工程学院河北省水质工程与水资源综合利用重点实验室, 河北张家口 075000

2.
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室, 广西桂林 541004

3.
河海大学水文水资源学院, 江苏南京 210098

基金项目: 河北建筑工程学院基本科研业务项目（2022QNJS05，2021QNJS01）、国家重点研发计划课题(2016YFC0502502)和河北省教育厅青年基金项目(QN2020424)资助。

详细信息

作者简介: 李军（1990－），男，博士研究生，助教，研究方向为地下水环境。E-mail：lipshydro@163.com

通讯作者: 蓝芙宁（1977－），男，博士，副研究员，硕士生导师，研究方向为岩溶水文地质与岩溶生态地质。E-mail：lanfuning@mail.cgs.gov.cn

中图分类号: Ｓ274;Ｘ826

收稿日期: 2022-04-29

刊出日期: 2023-04-25

Water quality analysis and evaluation of irrigation applicability in Nandong underground river basin, Southwest China

1.
Hebei Key Laboratory of Water Quality Engineering and Comprehensive Utilization of Water Resources, Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China

2.
Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR&GZAR, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China

3.
College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China

More Information

Corresponding author: LAN Funing, lanfuning@mail.cgs.gov.cn

Received Date: 29 April 2022

Publish Date: 25 April 2023

摘要

摘要:
为查明云南南洞地下河流域水质特征和农业灌溉适用性，分别在雨季和旱季共采集32组地表河水样和24组地下河水样，进行12种常规指标和9种金属元素检测。利用内梅罗综合指数法进行水质评价，利用钠含量法（SC）、钠吸附比法（SAR）、残余碳酸钠法（RSC）和渗透指数法（PI）揭示雨季和旱季水体的农业灌溉适用性。结果显示，区内水体主要呈弱碱性，Ca²⁺和${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$为主导型离子。地表河水，常规指标仅NH$_4^{+}$含量超过我国相关水质标准限值，金属元素Al、Pb、Mn和As含量超标，旱季超标率总体高于雨季。地下河水的金属元素Al、Pb、Zn、Cr、Mn和As含量超标，雨季超标率总体高于旱季。工矿业活动排放和裸露型岩溶水文地质是导致水体金属元素含量超标的重要原因。据水质评价结果，区内水质整体较好，旱季和雨季水质处于良好及以上级别分别占比89.29%和85.71%。灌溉适用性评价结果显示，区内水体灌溉适用性整体较好，仅在旱季地表河水As含量（54.70 μg·L⁻¹）高于农田灌溉水质标准中蔬菜和水作标准限值，不适合周边蔬菜和稻田的灌溉。
- 南洞地下河流域 /
- 常规指标 /
- 金属元素 /
- 水质评价 /
- 灌溉适用性
Abstract:
The karst surface water and groundwater of Nandong underground river basin are vital water sources for agricultural and industrial production, and lives of residents in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan, Southwest China. With a growing public awareness of water environment and water safety, the evaluation of karst water quality and irrigation applicability especially in agricultural regions is becoming increasingly necessary. In this study, 32 samples of karst surface river water and 24 samples of underground river water were collected from Nandong underground river basin during dry and rainy seasons. 11 inorganic regular ions (i.e., K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$, ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$, ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$, NO$_2^{−}$, NH$_4^{+}$, and F⁻) and 9 heavy metals (i.e., Al, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, Ni, Mn, and As) were analyzed in these samples to investigate the water quality and irrigation applicability. Based on the measured concentrations of the hydrochemical composition, the Nemerow composite index in combination with the four irrigation assessment systems of sodium concentration (SC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and permeability index (PI) were applied to evaluate the karst water quality and irrigation applicability, respectively. Results show that Ca²⁺ and ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ were identified as the major ions in both karst surface water and karst groundwater, indicating weakly alkaline karst water in the study area. For karst surface water, among the 11 inorganic regular ions, only NH$_4^{+}$ was found exceeding the maximum acceptable level for drinking water recommended by General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China. Meanwhile, among the 9 heavy metals, the concentrations of Al, Pb, Mn, and As were evaluated as exceeding the maximum acceptable level. Moreover, the rates of measured ions exceeding permitted levels in the dry season were generally higher than those in the rainy season. For karst groundwater, the concentrations of Al, Pb, Zn, Cr, Mn, and As exceeded the maximum acceptable levels, and the rates of these metals exceeding permitted levels in the rainy season were generally higher than those in dry season. The nitrogen synthetic fertilizers might be a main cause of the increase of NH$_4^{+}$ concentration in karst surface water. High concentration of Al, Mn, and Cd in karst water were mainly caused by large amounts of discharge from metal smelting, waste residue of mining, and open-pit mining. Furthermore, an exposed surface environment of bedrock in some parts of this study area might be responsible for these components exceeding the permitted levels due to the lack of surface decontamination of pollutants. The karst water quality belonging to the good grade or above accounted for 89.29% and 85.71% of the total water samples collected during the dry season and the rainy season, respectively, and the quality belonging to poor grade or below accounted for 7.14% and 14.29%, respectively. Hence, the karst water quality in Nandong underground river basin was generally high based on the results of the assessment of karst water quality. However, some cases of poor-quality karst water were found in parts of our study area (e.g., G1 and S4 sampling sites in the dry season and G1, G2, and G3 sampling sites in the rainy season), accompanied by the seasonal differences in karst water pollution. According to the permitted level for irrigation water and the results of SC, SAR, RSC, and PI assessments, most of the karst water in Nandong underground river basin was generally suitable for irrigation. However, it is noted that the concentration of As (54.70 μg·L⁻¹) in the sampling site of surface water (i.e., S3) exceeded the permitted level for the irrigation of vegetables and water crops in the dry season, thereby being no longer suitable for irrigation. Our results suggest that the high concentrations of metal compositions (e.g., Al, Pb, Mn, and As) should be controlled by some targeted measures to prevent further metal pollution in karst water of Nandong underground river basin. Our study also provides an integrated method for the comprehensive understanding of water quality in karst surface water and groundwater.
- Nandong underground river basin /
- inorganic regular ions /
- metal /
- water quality assessment /
- irrigation applicability

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图 1 研究区概况与采样点分布示意

Figure 1.

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图 2 旱季南洞地下河流域水化学组分分布特征

Figure 2.

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图 3 雨季南洞地下河流域水化学组分分布特征

Figure 3.

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图 4 旱季和雨季南洞地下河流域水体水质时空分布

Figure 4.

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表 1 内梅罗综合指数评价等级分级

Table 1. Grading of Nemero comprehensive index

F
得分	<0.80	≥0.80~2.50	≥2.50~4.25	≥4.25~7.20	≥7.20
污染等级	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ	Ⅴ
污染级别	优良	良好	较好	较差	极差

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表 2 灌溉水适用性评分等级

Table 2. Index grades for irrigation applicability

评价参数	分类参考值	适用等级	评价参数	分类参考值	适用等级
SC/%	<20	非常适合	SAR/ （meq·L⁻¹）^1/2	<10	非常适合
	20~40	较适合		10~18	较适合
	40~60	适合		18~26	适合
	60~80	不确定		>26	不适合
	>80	不适合
RSC/meq·L⁻¹	<1.25	非常适合	PI/%	>75	Ⅰ类（非常适合）
	1.25~2.50	适合		25~75	Ⅱ类（适合）
	>2.50	不适合		<25	Ⅲ类（不适合）

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表 3 南洞地下河流域水体中常规指标统计/mg·L⁻¹

Table 3. Statistics of the regular ions in Nandong underground river/mg·L⁻¹

时期	统计量	pH	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl⁻				NO	NH	F⁻
地表河水
旱季	最大值	7.78	11.64	16.86	115.70	26.56	38.72	146.92	266.74	11.39	1.45	7.46	0.71
	最小值	7.07	1.94	1.36	33.86	13.74	2.58	3.74	109.52	nd	nd	nd	0.04
	平均值	7.41	4.92	10.31	65.25	19.22	19.10	82.02	181.62	3.21	0.21	0.85	0.32
	标准差	0.20	2.66	5.60	25.68	3.57	11.03	49.12	44.89	3.76	0.52	2.27	0.19
	变异系数	0.03	0.54	0.54	0.39	0.19	0.58	0.60	0.25	1.17	2.52	2.65	0.61
雨季	最大值	7.44	10.71	22.35	111.40	24.92	39.46	156.61	254.66	42.06	1.24	2.66	0.86
	最小值	6.84	3.04	2.44	36.98	11.87	4.70	6.39	96.41	nd	nd	nd	0.09
	平均值	7.23	5.87	12.32	67.36	17.66	24.65	97.38	160.00	4.75	0.14	0.41	0.37
	标准差	0.16	2.53	6.33	22.27	4.29	10.64	51.27	47.85	12.61	0.48	0.87	0.22
	变异系数	0.02	0.43	0.51	0.33	0.24	0.43	0.53	0.30	2.65	3.34	2.13	0.58
地下河水
旱季	最大值	7.96	3.7	33.87	95.59	22.10	18.69	69.88	318.78	11.38	2.66	nd	0.17
	最小值	7.15	0.63	1.37	80.18	14.47	1.96	12.56	279.75	5.58	0.002	nd	0.04
	平均值	7.42	1.43	9.46	86.82	17.53	7.33	38.83	301.16	8.74	0.34	/	0.09
	标准差	0.22	0.93	12.04	5.95	2.92	5.41	22.31	11.02	1.72	0.76	/	0.04
	变异系数	0.03	0.65	1.27	0.07	0.17	0.74	0.57	0.04	0.20	2.27	/	0.47
雨季	最大值	7.59	4.71	45.10	96.00	20.62	25.34	87.10	299.27	20.87	0.37	0.60	0.23
	最小值	7.25	0.57	0.76	68.71	13.78	1.38	11.68	221.92	2.68	nd	nd	nd
	平均值	7.40	1.69	9.21	82.00	15.44	7.62	44.14	270.05	11.49	0.03	0.05	0.11
	标准差	0.12	1.35	13.86	8.15	2.02	6.79	25.71	27.54	5.51	0.16	0.33	0.06
	变异系数	0.02	0.80	1.51	0.10	0.13	0.89	0.58	0.10	0.48	4.63	6.28	0.51
水质标准	地表水（Ⅲ）	6~9	—	—	—	—	250	250	—	44.29	—	1.29	1.0
	地下水（Ⅲ）	6.5~8.5	—	200	—	—	250	250	—	88.57	3.29	0.64	1.0
	生活饮用水	6.5~8.5	—	200	—	—	250	250	—	44.29	—	0.64	1.0
注：nd表示未检出，“/”表示无计算值，“—”表示无相应参考标准值，黑体字表示此浓度超标。

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表 4 南洞地下河流域水体中金属浓度统计/μg·L⁻¹

Table 4. Statistics of the metal concentrations in Nandong underground river/μg·L⁻¹

时期	统计量	Al	Cu	Pb	Zn	Cr	Cd	Ni	Mn	As
地表河水
旱季	最大值	4 514.00	20.60	43.80	43.90	10.70	1.46	10.90	1 266.00	54.70
	最小值	9.90	0.17	nd	nd	1.45	nd	0.78	5.33	1.98
	平均值	440.65	2.16	3.91	3.35	2.97	0.33	2.85	151.47	9.73
	标准差	1 095.81	4.93	11.00	16.00	2.18	0.33	2.28	304.64	13.28
	变异系数	2.49	2.28	2.82	4.77	0.74	0.99	0.80	2.01	1.36
	超标率/%	37.50	0	6.25	0	0	0	0	31.25	25.00
雨季	最大值	582.00	1.66	1.67	6.06	2.32	nd	3.72	116.00	18.10
	最小值	33.10	0.55	nd	nd	1.10	nd	0.95	17.20	2.12
	平均值	200.89	1.20	0.63	1.66	1.72	/	2.38	55.22	6.18
	标准差	162.01	0.36	0.46	1.63	0.41	/	0.69	30.62	4.88
	变异系数	0.81	0.30	0.74	0.98	0.24	/	0.29	0.55	0.79
	超标率/%	37.50	0	0	0	0	0	0	6.25	18.75
地下河水
旱季	最大值	130.00	0.75	1.08	291.00	5.70	61.00	2.91	24.40	24.60
	最小值	12.10	nd	nd	nd	2.68	nd	1.88	2.44	0.09
	平均值	56.49	0.32	0.42	54.83	4.12	5.99	2.56	10.55	5.03
	标准差	34.18	0.28	0.23	85.53	1.02	18.95	0.34	7.40	7.66
	变异系数	0.61	0.87	0.55	1.56	0.25	3.17	0.13	0.70	1.52
	超标率/%	0	0	0	0	0	8.33	0	0	25.00
雨季	最大值	5 274.00	26.70	124.00	1 311.00	8.51	21.90	13.90	2 035.00	13.80
	最小值	19.90	nd	nd	nd	2.38	nd	1.88	2.54	0.20
	平均值	1 370.12	6.49	12.26	203.11	4.13	4.34	5.47	322.15	3.02
	标准差	1 656.96	10.12	38.50	439.51	1.81	7.88	3.97	592.32	4.31
	变异系数	1.21	1.56	3.14	2.16	0.44	1.82	0.73	1.84	1.43
	超标率/%	75.00	0	8.33	8.33	0	33.33	0	33.33	8.33
水质标准	地表水	—	1 000	50	1 000	50	5	—	100	50
	地下水	200	1 000	10	1 000	50	5	20	100	10
	生活饮用水	200	1 000	10	1 000	50	5	20	100	10
注：nd表示未检测出，“—”为无相应参考标准值，“/”为无计算结果，黑体字表示此浓度超标

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表 5 南洞地下河流域水体水质评价结果

Table 5. Water quality assessment in Nandong underground river basin

时期	统计量	单项指数得分															内梅罗综合指数得分
时期	统计量	Na⁺	Cl⁻			NH	F⁻	Al	Cu	Pb	Zn	Cr	Cd	Ni	Mn	As	内梅罗综合指数得分
地表河水
旱季	平均值	0.05	0.08	0.33	0.07	0.67	0.32	2.20	0.002	0.078	0.003 6	0.06	0.068	0.14	1.41	0.19	1.350
	最大值	0.08	0.15	0.59	0.26	5.78	0.71	22.57	0.021	0.876	0.043 9	0.21	0.292	0.55	12.66	1.09	11.369
	最小值	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.001	0.01	0.04	0.05	0.000 2	0.001	0.000 4	0.03	0.006	0.04	0.05	0.04	0.171
雨季	平均值	0.06	0.10	0.39	0.11	0.32	0.37	1.00	0.001	0.013	0.001 8	0.03	0.006	0.12	0.55	0.12	0.583
	最大值	0.11	0.16	0.63	0.95	2.06	0.86	2.91	0.002	0.033	0.006 1	0.05	0.006	0.19	1.16	0.36	1.473
	最小值	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.001	0.01	0.09	0.17	0.000 6	0.001	0.000 4	0.02	0.006	0.05	0.17	0.04	0.211
地下河水
旱季	平均值	0.04	0.03	0.16	0.10	0.025	0.09	0.28	0.000 3	0.043	0.055	0.08	1.198	0.13	0.11	0.50	0.834
	最大值	0.17	0.07	0.28	0.13	0.125	0.17	0.65	0.000 8	0.108	0.291	0.11	12.200	0.15	0.24	2.46	6.119
	最小值	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.06	0.016	0.04	0.06	0.000 1	0.004	0.000 4	0.05	0.006	0.09	0.02	0.01	0.112
雨季	平均值	0.05	0.03	0.18	0.13	0.10	0.10	6.85	0.006 5	1.226	0.203	0.08	0.87	0.27	3.22	0.30	4.089
	最大值	0.23	0.10	0.35	0.24	0.94	0.23	26.37	0.026 7	12.400	1.311	0.17	4.38	0.70	20.35	1.38	13.231
	最小值	0.004	0.01	0.05	0.03	0.02	0.01	0.10	0.000 1	0.004	0.000 4	0.05	0.006	0.09	0.03	0.02	0.117

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表 6 南洞地下河流域水体农田灌溉适用性分布

Table 6. Distribution of irrigation applicability of Nandong underground river basin

	指标	常规指标/mg·L⁻¹			金属元素/μg·L⁻¹
	指标	pH	Cl⁻	F⁻	Cu	Pb	Zn	Cr	Cd	As
地表河水
旱季	最大值	7.78	38.72	0.71	20.60	43.80	43.90	10.70	1.46	54.70
	最小值	7.07	2.58	0.04	0.17	nd	nd	1.45	nd	1.98
	平均值	7.41	19.10	0.32	2.16	3.91	3.35	2.97	0.33	9.73
雨季	最大值	7.44	39.46	0.86	1.66	1.67	6.06	2.32	nd	18.10
	最小值	6.84	4.70	0.09	0.55	nd	nd	1.10	nd	2.12
	平均值	7.23	24.65	0.37	1.20	0.63	1.66	1.72	/	6.18
地下河水
旱季	最大值	7.96	18.69	0.17	0.75	1.08	291.00	5.70	61.00	24.60
	最小值	7.15	1.96	0.04	nd	nd	nd	2.68	nd	0.09
	平均值	7.42	7.33	0.09	0.32	0.42	54.83	4.12	5.99	5.03
雨季	最大值	7.59	25.34	0.23	26.70	124.00	1 311.00	8.51	21.90	13.80
	最小值	7.25	1.38	nd	nd	nd	nd	2.38	nd	0.20
	平均值	7.40	7.62	0.11	6.49	12.26	203.11	4.13	4.34	3.02
农田灌溉水质标准	水作	5.5~8.5	350	2	500	200	2 000	100	10	50
	旱作	5.5~8.5	350	2	1 000	200	2 000	100	10	100
	蔬菜	5.5~8.5	350	2	1 000	200	2 000	100	10	50
nd－表示未检测出；“/”表示无计算值；pH无纲量。

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表 7 南洞地下河流域水体灌溉适用性评价结果

Table 7. Assessment results of irrigation applicability of Nandong underground river basin

指标		SAR	SC	PI	RCS	综合
地表河水
旱季	平均级别	非常适合	非常适合	Ⅱ（适合）	非常适合	适合
旱季	最大级别	非常适合	非常适合	Ⅱ（适合）	非常适合	适合
雨季	平均级别	非常适合	非常适合	Ⅱ（适合）	非常适合	适合
雨季	最大级别	非常适合	非常适合	Ⅱ（适合）	非常适合	适合
地下河水
旱季	平均级别	非常适合	非常适合	Ⅱ（适合）	非常适合	适合
旱季	最大级别	非常适合	较适合	Ⅱ（适合）	非常适合	适合
雨季	平均级别	非常适合	非常适合	Ⅱ（适合）	非常适合	适合
雨季	最大级别	非常适合	较适合	Ⅱ（适合）	非常适合	适合

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南洞地下河流域水质分析及灌溉适用性评价

1. 河北建筑工程学院河北省水质工程与水资源综合利用重点实验室, 河北 张家口 075000 2. 中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室, 广西 桂林 541004 3. 河海大学水文水资源学院, 江苏 南京 210098

作者简介: 李军（1990－），男，博士研究生，助教，研究方向为地下水环境。E-mail：lipshydro@163.com

通讯作者: 蓝芙宁（1977－），男，博士，副研究员，硕士生导师，研究方向为岩溶水文地质与岩溶生态地质。E-mail：lanfuning@mail.cgs.gov.cn

Water quality analysis and evaluation of irrigation applicability in Nandong underground river basin, Southwest China

Corresponding author: LAN Funing, lanfuning@mail.cgs.gov.cn

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1.
河北建筑工程学院河北省水质工程与水资源综合利用重点实验室, 河北张家口 075000

2.
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室, 广西桂林 541004

3.
河海大学水文水资源学院, 江苏南京 210098