Effects of tourism activities on hydrochemical fingerprints in the karst underground river system
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摘要:
地下河系统是岩溶地质景观的重要组成部分，利用特殊岩溶地形地貌建立的国家重大科技基础设施成为科研和旅游的胜地。为了解旅游活动对岩溶地下河系统水化学的影响，文章分析了大小井地下河系统入口和出口在不同旅游时段的水化学特征。结果表明：受旅游人数影响，污水水化学变化较大；大小井水化学类型为Ca-HCO3型，水岩相互作用产生的Ca2+、Mg2+和
${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ Abstract:The underground river system is the main carrier of water resources and an important source of urban and rural water supply in karst areas, and is also an essential element of karst geological wonders. Nowadays, people are showing the increasing preference for the cultural tourism integrated with science and technology. Meanwhile, the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST), a significant national science and technology infrastructure built at the special topography of karst, has become an aspiring destination for astronomy and tourism enthusiasts. However, pollutants from tourism activities will easily affect the water quality of underground river through the surface runoff via sinkholes, shafts and cracks. Using hydrochemical facies diagram (HFE-D), Gibbs models and coefficients of ion ratio, we have analyzed the characteristics and changes in water chemistry of wastewater from the tourist attraction and from the Dajing and Xiaojing underground river systems during different tourism periods in order to understand the periodic, concentrated and sudden effects of tourism activities on the water chemistry of underground river systems. The results show that: (1) The pH and conductivity values of the sewage from the tourist attraction varied little during the May Day holiday, ranging from 7.57 to 7.84 and 540.00 to 761.00 mS·cm−1, respectively. The sewage pH values during the National Day holiday ranged from 7.66 to 7.95 with an average value of 7.78; however, the conductivity varied greatly from 488.00 to 934.50 mS·cm−1. The water chemistry type of sewage is Ca−HCO3, and the values of K+, Na+, Cl− and
${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ -
Key words:
- karst underground river system /
- groundwater /
- hydrochemical fingerprints /
- tourism activities /
- Guizhou
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表 1 旅游期间大小井地下河系统水化学特征统计
Table 1. Hydrochemical characteristics of Dajing and Xiaojing underground river systems during the tourism period
Temp DO pH EC Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Cl− 
五一 景区污水（n=8） Min 19.70 2.26 7.57 540.00 15.90 7.92 5.35 57.79 16.80 23.22 0.16 199.12 Max 21.30 3.84 7.84 761.00 29.01 12.20 6.00 64.46 40.64 29.56 0.87 267.90 Avg 20.58 2.90 7.68 663.50 21.96 10.40 5.60 60.58 29.80 27.19 0.43 231.25 Std 0.56 0.63 0.10 82.39 4.99 1.60 0.24 2.22 9.07 2.24 0.28 28.93 CV 2.71 21.60 1.29 12.42 22.72 15.36 4.35 3.67 30.43 8.23 66.01 12.51 大井地下河入口（72） Min 18.20 7.61 7.72 256.00 0.89 0.99 3.33 43.63 13.14 1.49 2.79 97.75 Max 22.10 9.23 8.42 338.00 1.17 1.47 3.87 50.53 14.42 1.84 4.72 119.47 Avg 19.75 8.28 8.17 281.79 1.02 1.13 3.58 48.14 13.74 1.68 3.36 110.92 Std 0.95 0.30 0.13 19.14 0.06 0.08 0.15 1.48 0.32 0.09 0.25 4.76 CV 4.83 3.66 1.59 6.79 6.07 6.98 4.15 3.07 5.41 2.30 7.55 4.29 大井地下河出口（90） Min 19.90 7.74 7.36 297.00 0.87 0.93 4.98 49.71 12.34 1.84 3.46 132.71 Max 23.30 8.43 8.39 413.00 1.60 2.50 9.31 54.32 18.27 3.49 6.24 157.29 Avg 20.34 8.04 7.93 313.59 1.06 1.16 6.72 51.24 13.86 2.11 4.90 145.44 Std 0.47 0.14 0.20 17.01 0.15 0.32 1.88 0.92 0.95 0.32 0.64 6.38 CV 2.31 1.70 2.57 5.43 14.12 27.33 28.00 1.80 14.94 6.86 13.06 4.38 小井地下河入口（15） Min 19.10 6.88 7.48 288.00 1.08 0.70 3.88 52.41 10.79 1.59 2.38 123.09 Max 21.20 10.12 7.89 313.00 1.13 0.79 4.19 55.21 11.51 1.81 3.73 159.29 Avg 20.13 8.48 7.66 295.67 1.10 0.76 4.06 53.57 11.08 1.71 3.45 135.40 Std 0.69 0.94 0.12 6.22 0.02 0.02 0.10 0.86 0.20 0.06 0.35 10.04 CV 3.41 11.08 1.62 2.10 1.43 3.23 2.55 1.61 3.36 1.80 10.05 7.41 小井地下河出口（32） Min 19.70 8.34 7.75 331.00 0.89 0.82 5.53 55.19 7.11 1.14 4.84 147.46 Max 21.40 9.04 8.28 390.00 2.14 1.10 10.31 63.45 12.73 2.85 8.99 172.04 Avg 20.21 8.70 8.02 342.97 1.10 0.92 7.08 59.12 10.94 2.14 6.87 158.06 Std 0.38 0.18 0.13 11.28 0.22 0.08 1.69 2.05 1.08 0.28 0.92 4.69 CV 1.89 2.08 1.63 3.29 19.74 8.95 23.88 3.46 13.05 9.83 13.38 2.97 十一 景区污水（55） Min 20.00 1.78 7.66 488.00 16.14 7.50 4.09 49.43 11.56 0.27 0.04 93.84 Max 26.70 7.03 7.95 934.00 38.97 16.68 5.46 67.86 52.95 49.00 94.83 206.46 Avg 23.49 3.45 7.78 666.44 24.62 10.74 5.07 58.26 31.35 16.15 18.62 150.01 Std 1.51 1.22 0.06 110.85 6.04 2.32 0.29 3.53 9.33 12.48 33.02 23.29 CV 6.43 35.44 0.73 16.63 24.54 21.56 5.63 6.05 29.74 77.27 205.35 15.52 大井地下河入口（99） Min 19.20 5.55 7.74 229.00 0.96 0.90 3.22 37.59 4.02 1.07 0.04 97.60 Max 27.40 11.84 8.68 342.00 3.96 12.44 4.02 53.35 25.80 9.71 8.14 157.66 Avg 23.14 8.63 8.27 265.11 1.54 1.53 3.74 44.08 13.69 2.49 1.47 132.25 Std 1.75 1.20 0.19 21.73 0.54 1.32 0.10 3.59 2.68 1.15 1.51 11.64 CV 7.57 13.93 2.28 8.20 34.76 86.06 2.55 8.14 46.38 19.55 102.92 8.80 十一 大井地下河出口（117） Min 17.70 8.22 7.82 295.00 0.07 0.07 0.40 50.65 6.04 1.04 0.04 97.60 Max 20.40 8.79 8.19 389.00 2.36 1.88 5.26 67.05 15.92 2.00 15.07 127.63 Avg 18.95 8.44 8.03 317.51 1.00 1.00 4.34 55.84 11.64 1.57 2.13 114.67 Std 0.44 0.11 0.05 15.51 0.24 0.14 0.40 1.47 1.32 0.17 1.81 5.72 CV 2.30 1.34 0.58 4.89 23.89 14.15 9.17 2.64 10.85 11.33 85.02 4.99 小井地下河入口（16） Min 19.40 7.98 7.80 300.00 0.80 0.77 3.29 56.24 9.06 0.71 1.62 150.15 Max 22.50 9.52 8.30 329.00 1.05 2.03 3.48 59.56 14.27 4.92 4.91 167.67 Avg 21.14 8.73 8.03 307.63 0.88 1.06 3.38 57.72 9.50 2.24 3.95 154.53 Std 0.92 0.50 0.17 7.09 0.07 0.35 0.04 0.90 1.27 0.97 0.70 5.37 CV 4.34 5.73 2.17 2.30 7.99 32.90 1.22 1.56 43.13 13.39 17.86 3.47 小井地下河出口（32） Min 18.60 8.54 8.02 346.00 0.59 0.39 0.65 2.46 7.78 1.89 0.04 105.11 Max 20.00 8.96 8.37 397.00 1.39 1.18 5.48 66.84 13.96 2.40 6.93 150.15 Avg 19.27 8.77 8.17 359.72 1.17 0.91 5.10 63.22 8.69 2.04 1.70 125.52 Std 0.13 0.09 12.97 12.68 0.13 0.82 11.13 12.14 0.12 2.21 12.68 18.96 CV 0.69 1.00 158.70 3.53 11.44 90.18 218.22 19.21 108.15 1.43 747.97 15.10 注：Min-最小值，Max-最大值，Avg-均值，Std-标准偏差，CV-变异系数 
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