Water chemistry and tufa deposition on the restored dam of Huohua Lake in the Jiuzhai Valley
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摘要:
钙华的主要成分是以方解石为主的碳酸钙（CaCO3）。2017年九寨沟7.0级地震导致火花海下游钙华堤坝溃堤，火花海干涸。火花海上下游的钙华堤坝和内部的钙华丘暴露在空气中，因物理与化学风化作用，钙华堤坝持续坍塌；虽然在有水的情况下，钙华也可能受到侵蚀，但因地表水会不断析出新的钙华，使钙华景观不断地进行“自我修复”。火花海钙华堤坝决口修复后，对其开展相关监测，结果表明：（1）地表水的方解石饱和指数大于0，表明地表水倾向于析出CaCO3，利于涵养现有钙华堤坝；（2）堤坝表面上有新的钙华沉积：基于碳氧同位素、矿物和元素分析，新沉积的钙华可能主要来自地表水；（3）新沉积钙华的成分受流域水土流失的一定影响；（4）与天然堤坝上原有的钙华相比，修复堤坝上新沉积的钙华在物理结构、痕量元素组成和有机质含量上具有一定差异，且细菌多样性相对较低，这主要是由于修复堤坝上植被以自然恢复为主，植被和钙华中微生物的自然恢复是一个缓慢的过程。相关水化学和钙华监测应持续开展，以更好掌握钙华堤坝的未来演变趋势。
Abstract:In 2017, an Ms 7.0 earthquake breached the tufa dam of Huohua Lake in the Jiuzhai Valley, resulting in the lake drainage. Exposed to the atmosphere, the tufa dam collapsed due to continued physical and chemical weathering. To prevent further collapse, the dam of Huohua Lake was restored by using the modified glutinous rice mortar and local limestone rocks. After the restoration, we monitored the chemical and isotopic compositions of surface water and tufa to answer the following questions.Does the surface water after the earthquake tend to conserve the tufa dam and precipitate tufa? Does the modified glutinous rice mortar have a significant impact on the surface water in the lower part of Huohua Lake? Does new tufa deposit on the restored dam? What are the characteristics and main sources of newly-deposited tufa? Are there any differences between the old tufa on the natural tufa dam and the newly-formed tufa on the restored dam?
The characteristics of surface water and tufa samples were investigated. First, from September 2020 to September 2021, the surface water of Huohua Lake was monitored once a month. The parameters included pH, conductivity, temperature, alkalinity, turbidity, DO, K+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+,
${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ $_4^{+}$ The SIc values of surface water after Huohua Lake restoration were 0.77 ± 0.11, indicating that the surface water tended to precipitate CaCO3. From the upstream to downstream of Huohua Lake, there were no significant changes in Ca2+,
${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ $_4^{+}$ ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ $_4^{3-}$ ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ Our results show that the SIc values of surface water were larger than zero, indicating that the water tended to precipitate CaCO3 and was beneficial for tufa dam conservation. The newly-formed tufa on the top of dam was likely from surface water according to the mineralogical characteristics, carbon and oxygen isotopes, and elemental compositions. The composition of newly-deposited tufa was affected by soil erosion. The old tufa of natural dam and the new tufa of restored dam showed differences in the physical structure and the trace elemental content. In addition, the organic matter content and the bacterial biodiversity were relatively lower in the new tufa, probably due to the fact that the natural restoration of vegetation and microorganism community may require a relatively longer time. Continuous monitoring is required to better understand the future evolution of the restored dam.
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Key words:
- tufa landscape /
- mineral composition /
- microorganisms /
- organic matter /
- carbon and oxygen isotopes
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表 1 钙华、改性糯米灰浆和地表水的样品信息及分析指标
Table 1. Analysis items of tufa, modified glutinous rice mortar, and surface water samples
样品类型及编号 SEM XRD 无机元素* 有机质 δ13C δ18O 细菌 决口堤坝上新沉积的钙华 $\$ $ N-1 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ N-2 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ N-3 √ √ √ N-4 √ √ √ √ √ √ N-5 √ √ √ √ √ √ N-6~N-16 √ √ 天然堤坝上沉积的老钙华 O-1 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ O-2 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ O-3 √ √ √ 地表水样品# W-1~W-5 √ 堤坝修复材料 改性糯米灰浆 √ √ √ √ √ 注：@√ －样品测试项；*无机元素分析包括Ca 、Mg、Al、Si、P、S、K、Ca、Fe、Sr、Ba； $\$ $ A型包括N-1、N-2、N-10、N-11；B型包括N-3~N-9、N-12；#每月在火花海两点监测一次 pH、温度、电导率、浊度、离子、SIc等。
Note: @√ －sample test item; *Inorganic element analysis includes Ca 、Mg、Al、Si、P、S、K、Ca、Fe、Sr、Ba；$\$ $ A type includes N-1、N-2、N-10、N-11；B type includes N-3~N-9、N-12；#Monitor pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, ion, Sic, etc. at two sites of Huohua Lake once every month.
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表 2 2020年9月-2021年9月火花海堤坝上两个监测点的水化学*
Table 2. Water chemistry at two sites on the restored dam of Huohua Lake from September 2020 to September 2021*
单位 平均值 最小值 中值 最大值 标准差 样品数/n pH 无量纲 8.40 8.27 8.38 8.72 0.11 24 温度 ℃ 10.96 4.30 11.45 17.40 4.16 24 电导率 μS·cm−1 348.00 338.00 348.00 360.00 5.00 24 碱度 mg·L−1 150.00 129.00 150.00 174.00 10.00 24 浊度 $\$$ NTU 1.66 0.01 0.89 8.46 2.32 24 浊度& NTU 41.40 0.90 8.12 161.41 51.51 318 DOC mg·L−1 1.18 0.80 1.11 2.05 0.28 24 DO mg·L−1 8.87 7.51 8.67 10.50 0.97 24 SIC 无量纲 0.77 0.52 0.79 0.94 0.11 24 HCO $_3^{-}$ mg·L−1 183.77 157.38 183.00 212.28 12.55 24 ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ mg·L−1 28.21 16.38 28.44 32.56 3.37 24 NO $_3^{-}$ mg·L−1 1.82 0.98 1.84 2.89 0.33 24 NO $_2^{-}$ mg·L−1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 24 Cl− mg·L−1 0.64 0.39 0.65 1.34 0.19 24 PO $_4^{3-}$ mg·L−1 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.02 24 Ca2+ mg·L−1 60.18 49.10 58.36 73.98 6.97 24 Mg2+ mg·L−1 13.57 8.65 14.03 15.89 1.96 24 Na+ mg·L−1 1.89 0.92 1.71 2.97 0.66 24 K+ mg·L−1 1.00 0.36 0.80 2.78 0.64 24 NH $_4^{+}$ mg·L−1 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.55 0.16 24 注：*因新冠疫情，2021年2月未能进行监测； $\$$ 为火花海每月一次的监测，&为上游犀牛海的在线监测日均值。
Note: *Due to COVID-19 pandemic, there is no monitoring data in February, 2021;$\$$ is the monitoring data in Huohua lake once per month, & indicates daily mean value of online monitoring for the upstream of Xiniu Sea.
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表 3 改性糯米灰浆和钙华样品的无机元素含量
Table 3. Inorganic element content of modified glutinous rice mortar and tufa
元素 单位 改性糯米
灰浆天然堤坝
钙华修复堤坝钙华 A型 B型 O-1 O-2 平均值 N-1 N-2 平均值 N-4 N-5 平均值 Ca % 26.6 36.1 36.4 36.3 34.9 35.9 35.4 36.3 36.1 36.2 Mg % 2.39 0.27 0.47 0.37 0.31 0.51 0.41 0.82 0.68 0.75 Mg/Ca − 0.090 0.007 0.013 0.010 0.009 0.014 0.012 0.023 0.019 0.021 Si % 2.03 0.01 0.82 0.42 2.13 1.69 1.91 0.65 0.40 0.52 Al % 0.38 0.16 0.20 0.18 0.55 0.34 0.44 0.14 0.06 0.10 Fe % 0.48 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.26 0.19 0.23 0.07 0.03 0.05 K % 0.22 0.18 0.08 0.13 0.16 0.12 0.14 0.06 0.03 0.05 S % 6.99 0.14 0.06 0.10 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.08 0.14 0.11 Ba ×10−6 53.9 28.0 39.2 33.6 71.9 60.5 66.2 46.7 42.4 44.5 Sr ×10−6 1 241 457 522 489 1 377 1 437 1 407 1 364 1 530 1 447 P ×10−6 99.1 14.5 58.2 36.4 79.1 45.5 62.3 54.5 36.4 45.5
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表 4 天然堤坝和修复堤坝上钙华样品的细菌OTUs和多样性指数
Table 4. Bacterial OTUs and diversity indices of tufa samples collected from the natural and restored dams
样品编号 OTUs* Chao1 PD Shannon Simpson 钙华类型A 451 414.5 25.86 3.68 0.92 钙华类型B 427 505.5 32.49 3.78 0.90 天然堤坝钙华 1 099 763.3 45.24 5.09 0.98 注：*A、B型一共有607个OTUs，在天然与修复堤坝都存在的OTUs有514个。
Note:*There are total 607 OTUs in A and B types and 514 OTUs in both natural and restored dams.
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