The discrimination of Mesozoic sequence and its tectonic attribute in the southeastern South China Sea
-
摘要:
正确识别南海东南部中生界及其分布,对认识南海形成演化和油气资源潜力具有重要意义。受资料条件约束和地层系统划分差异的影响,南海东南部中生界分布和构造特征一直存在争议。本文在钻井、拖网约束下,通过井震对比、地震反射特征、层速度分析、岩浆岩体与地层接触关系和构造变形特征来综合识别中生界。结果表明,中生界呈平行、连续、低频的反射特征,层速度3400~4200 m/s,随着埋深或(和)变质程度增强,层速度增大(4500~5500 m/s),反射波组模糊,多数未见明显底界反射。研究区中生代地层发育局限,地震反射波组特征明显,但较难进行区域对比和解释。其中,西北、西南巴拉望盆地、礼乐滩和安渡北盆地中生界呈现低角度掀斜或近水平层状;礼乐滩西南部九章盆地中生界层速度3500~4500 m/s,高于上覆新生界,与钻井层速度吻合,地层呈高角度掀斜或挠曲变形,可能与岩浆活动侵位相关。结合中生代火山弧和识别的岩体分布,推测前者零散分布在弧前盆地靠火山弧一侧,构造活动相对弱,后者分布于岩浆活动强烈的弧间盆地。
Abstract:Discriminating the distribution of the Mesozoic strata on the southeastern South China Sea (SCS) continental margin is of great importance for understanding the SCS evolution as well as the oil and gas potential. Due to limited data constraints and varied stratigraphic system divisions, the distribution and tectonic features of the Mesozoic sequences in the southeastern SCS have remained controversial. Assisted by drilling and dredging data, the authors comprehensively identified the Mesozoic sequence using a combination of well-seismic comparison, seismic reflection characteristics, internal velocity analysis, contact relationship between igneous edifices and strata, and structural deformation characteristics. The results show that the Mesozoic sequence is characterized by parallel, continuous, and low-frequency reflections, with internal velocity of 3400-4200 m/s. As the burial depth or/and the degree of metamorphism increases, the internal velocity increases to 4500-5500 m/s. The seismic reflections of the Mesozoic strata in the depth is fuzzy, and most of them have no obvious bottom reflection. Despite the fact that the characteristics of seismic reflection are clear in a specific area, it is still difficult to make a comparative study and conduct a whole region seismic explanation because the range of the Mesozoic strata is limited. Among them, the Mesozoic strata in the Northwest, Southwest Palawan basin, Liyue and Andubei basin show low-angle tilting or nearly horizontal characteristics. By contrast, the Mesozoic strata in the northern part of Jiuzhang basin located in the southwest of Liyue have a velocity of 3500-4500 m/s, which is higher than the overlying Cenozoic velocity and coincides with the result constrained by drilling layer. In addition, the Mesozoic strata tilt or deflect at a high angle, which may be related to the emplacement of magmatic activity. Compared with the distribution of Mesozoic volcanic arc and identified igneous bodies, the authors infer that the first style Mesozoic strata are scattered in the forearc basin near volcanic arc and thus show a relatively weak tectonic activity, whereas the second style strata are distributed in the inter-arc basin and have a strong magmatic activity.
-
-
图 1 南海东南部地貌(Becker et al., 2009)、构造单元和地质背景分布图
Figure 1.
图 2 过西北巴拉望盆地和礼乐滩中生界地震反射特征(剖面位置见图 1a)
Figure 2.
图 3 西南巴拉盆地Pensacosa-1井和礼乐滩Sampaguita-1井地层速度(钻井位置见图 1a)
Figure 3.
图 4 不同时期岩浆岩体与围岩接触关系对比图(据Infante, 2018; Hansen and Cartwright, 2006修改)
Figure 4.
图 9 南海东南部陆缘磁力化极、中生代火山弧、新生代裂后岩浆侵入体和中生界沉积盆地分布图(据Kudrass et al., 1986; Franke et al., 2008;2014 ;Chang et al., 2015;Dung et al., 2016; Li et al., 2018)
Figure 9.
图 10 主动型大陆边缘结构示意图(据李付成等,2012和Li et al., 2013修改)
Figure 10.
表 1 南海东南部陆缘盆地中生代地层钻井岩性及地质时代
Table 1. Drilling sites Mesozoic sediments and geological date in southeastern South China Sea basins
-
Becker J J, Sandwell D T, Smith W H F, Becker J J, Sandwell D T, Smith W H F, Braud J, Binder B, & Depner J.2009. Global Bathymetry and Elevation Data at 30 Arc Seconds Resolution:SRTM30_PLUS[J].Marine Geodesy, 32(4):355-371. doi: 10.1080/01490410903297766
Chang J H, Hsu H H, Liu C S, Lee T Y, Chiu S D, Su C C. 2015. Seismic sequence stratigraphic analysis of the carbonate platform, north offshore Taiping Island, dangerous grounds, South China Sea[J]. Tectonophysics, S0040195115006733. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=99ad5a670593423d0855e4987443def1
Dung T T, Minh. N Q. 2016. Eruptive-volcanic-basalt structures in the Truong Sa-Spratly Islands and adjacent areas from interpreting[J]. Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences, 39(1), 1-13. http://vjs.ac.vn/index.php/jse/article/view/9167
Ding Weiwei, Franke Dieter, Li Jiabiao, Steuer, Stephan. 2013. Seismic stratigraphy and tectonic structure from a composite multi-channel seismic profile across the entire Dangerous Grounds, South China Sea[J]. Tectonophysics, 582:162-176. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2012.09.026
Ding Weiwei, Li Jiabiao, Dong Chongzhi, Fang Yinxia. 2015. Oligocene-Miocene carbonates in the Reed Bank area, South China Sea, and their tectono-sedimentary evolution[J]. Marine Geophysical Research, 36(2/3):149-165. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=e8b79e8a46430aaae8d881dd984d899c
Faure M, Ishida K. 1990. The mid-late Jurassic olistostrome of the west philippines:A distinctive key-marker for the north Palawan block[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 4(1):61-67. doi: 10.1016/0743-9547(90)90026-A
Forbes M T, Mapaye C B, Bacud J A. 2011. Structural characterization of offshore southwest Palawan, Philippines using the most recent 2D/3D seismic data[C]//Proceedings of the Southeast Asia Petroleum Exploration (SEAPEX) Meeting, Manila, Philippines, 6 April.
Franke D, Barckhausen U, Heyde I, Tingay M, Ramli N. 2008. Seismic images of a collision zone offshore nw sabah/borneo[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 25(7), 0-624. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=8845b5b30d41ffc82cc11028ec6396ab
Franke D, Savva D, Pubellier M, Steuer S, Mouly B, Auxietre J, Meresse F. 2014, The final rifting evolution in the South China Sea[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 58, 704-720. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.11.020
Hayes D E, Nissen S S. 2005. The South China Sea margins:implications for rifting contrasts[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 237(3/4):0-616. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X05003997
Hansen D M, Cartwright J. 2006. The three-dimensional geometry and growth of forced folds above saucer-shaped igneous sills[J]. J. Struct. Geol., 8 (8):1520-1535. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191814106001015
Hinz K, Schlüter H U. 1985. Geology of the dangerous grounds, South China Sea, and the continental margin off southwest Palawan:Results of SONNE cruises SO-23 and SO-27[J]. Energy, 1985, 10(3/4):297-315. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0360544285900489
Holloway N. 1981. The North Palawan Block, Philippines:Its relation to the Asian Mainland and its role in the evolution of the South China Sea[J]. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 14:19-58. doi: 10.7186/bgsm14198102
Infante Lennon. 2018. Seismic Expression of Igneous Bodies in Sedimentary Basins and Their Impact on Hydrocarbon Exploration: Examples from a Compressive Tectonic Setting, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand[D]. University of Oklahoma.
Jian Zhimin, Jin Haiyan, Kaminski Michael A, Ferreira Fabricio, Li Baohua, Yu Paisen. 2019. Discovery of the marine Eocene in the northern South China Sea[J].National Science Review, 6(5):881-886. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwz084
Kudrass H R. Wiedicke M.1986.Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks dredged from the South China Sea (Reed Bank area) and Sulu Sea and their significance for plate-tectonic reconstructions[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 3:19-30. doi: 10.1016/0264-8172(86)90053-X
Li F C, Sun Z, Yang H F. 2018. Possible spatial distribution of the Mesozoic volcanic arc in the present-day South China Sea continental margin and its tectonic implications[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 123:6215-6235. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2017JB014861
Li F C, Sun Z, Hu D, Wang, Z. 2013. Crustal structure and deformation associated with seamount subduction at the north Manila Trench represented by analog and gravity modeling[J]. Marine Geophysical Research, 34(3/4):393-406. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=cf649f045d53e79ee513c159d5d75985
Li Shuling, Meng Xiaohong, Guo Lianghui, Yao Changli, Chen Zhaoxi, Li Hequn. 2010. Gravity and magnetic anomalies field characteristics in the South China Sea and its application for interpretation of igneous rocks[J]. Applied Geophysics, 7(4):295-305. doi: 10.1007/s11770-010-0258-9
Liang Yao, Delescluse Matthias, Qiu Yan, Pubellier Manuel, Nicolas Chamot-Rooke, Wang Jun, Nie Xie, Watremez Louise, Chang Sung-Ping, Pichot Thibaud, Savva Dimitri, Meresse Florian. 2019. Décollements, detachments, and rafts in the extended crust of dangerous ground, South China Sea:The role of inherited contacts[J]. Tectonics, 38(6):1863-1883. doi: 10.1029/2018TC005418
Lin Jian, Xu Yigang, Sun Zhen, Zhou Zhiyuan. 2019. Mantle upwelling beneath the South China Sea and links to surrounding subduction systems[J].National Science Review, 6(5):877-881. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwz123
Marsh B D, Carmichael I S. 1974. Benioff zone magmatism[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 79:1196-1206. doi: 10.1029/JB079i008p01196
Pichot T, Delescluse M, Chamot-Rooke N, Pubellier M, Sun G, Méresse F. 2014. Deep crustal structure of the conjugate margins of the SW South China Sea from wide-angle refraction seismic data[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 58:627-643. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.10.008
Pubellier M, Morley C K. 2014. The basins of sundaland (SE Asia):Evolution and boundary conditions[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 58:555-578. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.11.019
Rehm S K. 2003, The Miocene Carbonates in Time and Space On- and Offshore SW Palawan, Philippines[D]. Kiel: Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel (Ph.D. thesis).
Sales A O, Jacobsen E C, Morado A A, Benavidez J J, Navarro F A, Lim A E. 1997. The petroleum potential of deep water northwest Palawan Block-GSEC-66[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 15(2/3):217-240. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743954797000093
Shao Lei, Cao Licheng, Qiao Peijun, Zhang Xiangtao, Li Qianyu, Hinsbergen Douwe J J. 2017. Cretaceous-Eocene provenance connections between the Palawan Continental Terrane and the northern South China Sea margin[J]. Earth & Planetary Science Letters, 477:97-107. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=8db2f7d8ca0aaa9d873393ee49c267a4
Schlüter H U, Hinz K, Block M. 1996. Tectono stratigraphic terranes and detachment faulting of the-South China Sea and Sulu Sea[J]. Marine Geology, 130:39-78. doi: 10.1016/0025-3227(95)00137-9
Steuer S, Franke D, Meresse F, Savva D, Pubellier M, Auxietre J L, Aurelio M. 2013. Time constraints on the evolution of Southern Palawan Island, Philippines from onshore and offshore correlation of Miocene limestones[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 76, 412-427. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.01.007
Steuer S, Franke D, Meresse F, Savva D, Pubellier M, Auxietre J L. 2014. Oligocene-Miocene carbonates and their role for constraining the rifting and collision history of the Dangerous Grounds, South China Sea[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 58:644-657. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.12.010
Suzuki S, Shizuo T, Graciano P Y, David S D, Asiedu, D K. 2000. Composition and provenance of the Upper Cretaceous to Eocene sandstones in central Palawan, Philippines:Constraints on the tectonic development of Palawan[J]. The Island Arc 9, 611-626. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1738.2000.00306.x
Svensen H, Planke S, Malthesørenssen A, Jamtveit1 B, Myklebus R, Eidem T R, Sebastian S R. 2004. Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming[J]. Nature, 429 (6991):542-545. doi: 10.1038/nature02566
Taylor B, Hayes D E.1980. The Tectonic Evolution of the South China Basin. The tectonic and geologic evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands[J]. American Geophysical Union, 1980:89-104. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0012821X73900770
Trude J, Cartwright J, Davies R J, Smallwood J. 2003. New technique for dating igneous sills[J]. Geology, 9(31):813-816. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=17f698094fa2be14ccf8cb3d7b005a75
Wang Pingxian, Huang Chiyue, Lin Jian, Jian Zhimin, Sun Zhen, Zhao Minghui. 2019. The South China Sea is not a mini-Atlantic:plate-edge rifting vs intra-plate rifting[J]. National Science Review, 6(5):902-913. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwz135
Xiao M, Yao, Y J, Cai, Y, Qiu H N, Xu Y G, Xu X, Jiang Y D, Li Y B, Xia X P, Yu Y J. 2019. Evidence of Early Cretaceous lower arc crust delamination and its role in the opening of the South China Sea[J]. Gondwana Research, 76:123-145. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2019.05.011
Xu Y, Wei J X, Qiu H N, Zhang H H, Huang X L.2011. Opening and evolution of the South China Sea constrained by studies on volcanic rocks:Preliminary results and a research design[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 24(57):3150-3164. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11434-011-4921-1
Yan P, Liu H. 2004. Tectonic-stratigraphic division and blind flod structures in Nansha Waters, South China Sea[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 24(3):337-348. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2003.12.005
Yan Q, Shi X F, Wang K S. 2008. LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb dating of granitic rocks from the Nansha micro-block, South China Sea, and its geological significance[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 82(8):1057-1067 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dizhixb200808006
Yao Y, Liu H L, Yang C P, Han B, Tian J J, Yin Z X, Gong J L, Xu Q Y. 2012. Characteristics and evolution of Cenozoic sediments in the Liyue Basin, SE South China Sea[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 60:114-129. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.08.003
Zhao F, Alves, T M, Wu S G, Li W, Huuse M, Mi L J, Sun Q L, Ma B J. 2016. Prolonged post-rift magmatism on highly extended crust of divergent continental margins (Baiyun Sag, South China Sea)[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 445:79-91. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.04.001
郝沪军, 汪瑞良, 张向涛, 薛怀艳, 陈照光. 2004.珠江口盆地东部海相中生界识别及分布[J].中国海上油气, (2):13-17. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zghsyq-gc200402002
郝沪军, 施和生, 张向涛, 江天才, 汤守立. 2009.潮汕坳陷中生界及其石油地质条件——基于LF35-1-1探索井钻探结果的讨论[J].中国海上油气, 21(3):151-156. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zghsyq-gc200903002
李付成, 孙珍, 张云帆, 2012.海山的倾斜俯冲对上覆板块变形的影响[J].地球物理学进展, (4):1406-1415. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dqwlxjz201204015
李学杰, 王哲, 姚永坚, 高红芳, 李波. 2017.西太平洋边缘构造特征及其演化[J].中国地质, 44(6):1102-1114. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zgdizhi201706007
刘海龄, 阎贫, 孙岩, 郭令智, 张伯友, 张毅祥. 2002.南沙微板块的层块构造[J].中国地质, (4):374-381. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zgdizhi200204008
鲁宝亮, 王璞珺, 梁建设, 孙晓猛, 王万银. 2014.古南海构造属性及其与特提斯和古太平洋构造域的关系[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 44(5):1441-1450. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-CCDZ201405005.htm
邱燕, 陈国能, 刘方兰, 彭卓伦. 2008.南海西南海盆花岗岩的发现及其构造意义[J].地质通报, 27(12):2104-2107. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zgqydz200812017
邱燕, 王彦林, 阎贫. 2016.折射方法在南沙礼乐盆地西南海域中生界研究中的应用[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质, 36(2):181-187. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hydzydsjdz201602025
阮爱国, 牛雄伟, 吴振利, 吴招才, 薛彬. 2009.潮汕坳陷中生代沉积的折射波2D速度结构和密度[J].高校地质学报, 15(4):522-528. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=gxdzxb200904011
邵磊, 尤洪庆, 郝沪军, 吴国瑄, 乔培军, 雷永昌. 2007.南海东北部中生界岩石学特征及沉积环境[J].地质论评, 53(2):164-169. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dzlp200702003
孙龙涛, 孙珍, 周蒂, 刘海龄. 2008.南沙海区礼乐盆地沉积地层与构造特征分析[J].大地构造与成矿学, (2):151-158. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=ddgzyckx200802003
徐东海, 王利杰, 姚永坚, 孙珍, 邱宁. 2018.礼乐盆地碳酸盐岩时空分布特征及构造意义[J].热带海洋学报, 37(6):49-62. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=rdhy201806006
王利杰, 姚永坚, 李学杰, 杨楚鹏, 陆应新, 徐行, 孙珍. 2019.南沙东部海域裂陷结束不整合面时空迁移规律及构造意义[J].地球物理学报, 62(12):4766-4781. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dqwlxb201912023
王彦林, 阎贫, 郑红波, 刘海龄, 廖林.2012.南沙群岛海区北部中生界地震特征分析[J].热带海洋学报, 31(4):83-89. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=rdhy201204013
张江阳, 孙珍, 张素芳, 2014.珠江口盆地潮汕坳陷中生代构造变形分析[J].热带海洋学报, 33(5):41-49. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=rdhy201405006
张渝昌, 张尚, 孙肇才. 1997.中国含油气盆地原型分析[M].南京:南京大学出版社.
熊莉娟, 李三忠, 索艳慧, 刘鑫, 余珊, 程世秀, 薛友辰, 安慧婷, 戴黎明, 马云, 王霄飞. 2012.南海南部新生代控盆断裂特征及盆地群成因[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质, 32(6):113-127. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hydzydsjdz201206010
赵美松, 刘海龄, 吴朝华. 2012.南海南北陆缘中生代地层-构造特征及碰撞造山[J].地球物理学进展, 27(4):1454-1464. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DQWJ201204021.htm
朱伟林, 解习农, 王振峰, 张道军, 张成立, 曹立成, 邵磊. 2017.南海西沙隆起基底成因新认识[J].中国科学:地球科学, 47(12):1460-1468. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zgkx-cd201712008
邹和平, 李平鲁, 饶春涛. 1995.珠江口盆地新生代火山岩地球化学特征及其动力学意义[J].地球化学, (S1):33-45. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DQHX5S1.004.htm
-