The age and geochemistry of volcanic rocks of Dongtaishan Island in northern Fujian and their response to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate
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摘要:
福建北部沿岸岛屿岩石组合以晚中生代火成岩为主，研究认为是古太平洋俯冲消减的产物，对反演洋盆构造演化具有重要的指示意义。本次对其中的福建北部海域东台山岛上广泛发育的酸性火山岩进行了锆石U-Pb定年以及全岩主微量地球化学分析工作。2件年代学样品分别获得了92 Ma和86 Ma的锆石U-Pb年龄，确定东台山岛火山岩形成于晚白垩世。全岩地球化学特征指示火山岩样品以酸性钙碱性岩石为主，整体富集Rb、Ba等元素，亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、Eu等元素，显示弧型岩浆岩的地球化学组成。研究认为东台山岛火山岩起源于古老下地壳变沉积岩熔融，并在浅层岩浆房内经历了不同程度的结晶分异过程。结合区域上晚中生代岩浆作用由陆向海的时空迁移特征，福建北部沿岸岛屿火山岩形成的深部动力学机制应该与古太平洋俯冲过程中的板片回转过程相关。
Abstract:Coastal islands of northern Fujian are mainly composed of volcanic rocks, which were produced by the paleo-Pacific oceanic subduction. These volcanic rocks provide critical information about the geodynamic evolution of paleo-Pacific Ocean. In this paper, the authors report new zircon U-Pb ages and whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry of the felsic rocks from the Dongtaishan Island of northern Fujian. Two geochronological samples yielded zircon ages of ~92 Ma and ~84 Ma, indicating that the volcanic rocks in Dongtaishan Island were formed in Late Cretaceous. Geochemically, all these felsic samples are calcalkaline, enriched in Rb, Ba, and depleted in Nb, Ta, Sr and Eu, suggesting a geochemical affinity with arc volcanic rocks. It is thus concluded that these volcanic rocks were derived by partial melting of ancient crustal metasedimentary sources and followed by fractional crystallization in the shallow magma chamber. These new data, combined with the oceanward migration of late Mesozoic magmatic activity, have led the authors to propose that the coastal islands of northern Fujian were triggered by the slab rollback during oceanic subduction of paleo-Pacific Ocean.
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1. 引言
中国东南沿海地区在晚中生代爆发了规模巨大的岩浆活动，在中国东南沿海诸省形成了近北东向展布的火山-侵入岩，同时该期岩浆活动同时伴生着大规模的金属钨锡钼铋和铜铅锌等成矿作用，构成了世界罕见的岩浆-成矿区(陶奎元等, 1999；Wang et al., 2012；舒良树, 2012；阳杰华等, 2017)。前人已经对该期岩浆作用进行了大量的研究工作，相继报道了大量的年代学、地球化学以及同位素的研究资料，在岩石成因、成岩动力学机制等方面的研究均取得了重要进展(Li et al., 2007；Liu et al., 2012；Wang et al., 2012；赵希林等, 2012；王小雨等, 2016；Pan et al., 2018；Zhang et al., 2018；宋传中等, 2019)。早期的研究对于晚中生代岩浆作用的深部动力学机制存在不同的认识(Jahn et al., 1990；Gilder et al., 1996；谢窦克等, 1997；Hsü et al., 1988；Ling et al., 2009；孙卫东等, 2010；Li et al., 2012)，近年来，依靠大量年代学、地球化学与同位素资料，沿海地区晚中生代岩浆岩时空变异格架已经逐渐清晰，越来越多的学者支持古太平洋俯冲消减、玄武质岩浆底侵和地壳重熔的成岩模式来解释东南沿海地区晚中生代岩浆岩的成因(Li et al., 2007, 2019；毛建仁等, 2014；Pan et al., 2018；Zhang et al., 2018；Suo et al., 2019)。
以往的研究主要集中在交通便利的沿海陆域地区，而在陆地之外的近岸海域，还出露着数量众多的近岸岛屿。这些岛屿整体沿海岸线展布，发育于大陆架之上。近年来开展的海洋区域地质调查表明这些岛屿岩石多由火山-侵入岩组成，指示岛屿早期的形成与演化应该与火山岩浆活动事件相关。然而受客观条件的影响，岛屿岩石样品往往较难获得，整体研究程度较低，其形成时代、岩石成因以及成岩地球动力学机制等问题尚不明确，制约了对中国东南地区构造-岩浆-成矿系统的认识。大陆架作为大陆板块在海域的延伸，其上发育的海岛岩浆岩是建立中国东南沿海地区晚中生代岩浆作用时空格架的重要组成部分，查明近岸岛屿岩浆岩的形成时代与岩石成因，对于重建古太平洋俯冲消减过程、探讨中国东南海陆转换带形成与演化具有重要的指示意义，亟待进一步研究。
本文对福建北部沿岸台山列岛中的东台山岛上出露的火山岩进行岩石学、年代学以及全岩主微量地球化学的研究，同时结合浙闵地区陆域岩浆岩的研究资料，查明东台山岛火山岩的形成时代与岩石成因，进一步探讨其形成的构造背景与深部地球动力学机制，以期为古太平洋晚中生代俯冲消减过程提供新的约束。
2. 地质概况
台山列岛位于福建省霞浦县三沙镇以东约50 km的海域，大地构造位置处于华南板块的东缘，该列岛由西台、东台、南船屿、南屿等多个岛屿与海礁组成，本次研究区东台山岛是台山列岛中第二大岛屿。岛屿岩石地层主要为上白垩统寨下组火山岩，在与岛屿相邻的三沙镇地区，其岩石地层组合相对复杂，主要由上侏罗统—下白垩统南园组(J3K1n)、下白垩统小溪组(K1x)、黄坑组(K1h)等火山-沉积地层组成，此外，区域上还广泛发育早白垩世花岗岩体(图 1a, b)。
图 1. 研究区地质简图与采样位置(a, b)、流纹岩手标本与镜下照片(c, d)和流纹质凝灰岩手标本与镜下照片(e, f)(图a据Li et al., 2014)Figure 1. Simplified geological map of the study area and sampling location(a, b), Field and petrographic photographs of rhyolites(c, d) and field and petrographic photographs of rhyolitic tuffs(e, f)(Fig. a after Li et al., 2014)东台山岛岩石岩性组合以流纹质碎屑岩为主，局部发育少量的英安岩和流纹岩。流纹岩手标本多数呈灰红色、灰紫色(图 1c)，具流动构造，显微镜下可见隐晶质和长石石英微晶各自组成条带相间排列构成流纹构造(图 1d)。流纹质凝灰岩手标本呈灰紫色、灰色(图 1e)，显微镜下可见流动构造，部分样品中角砾被拉长呈透镜状与流动方向一致(图 1f)。
3. 分析方法与结果
3.1 锆石U-Pb定年
锆石单矿物分离完成于河北廊坊市诚信地质服务有限公司，锆石制靶、透反射照、阴极发光(CL)图像分析及锆石U-Pb测年均在武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司完成。激光剥蚀系统为GeolasPro，ICP-MS型号为Agilent 7700e。
本次在东台山岛采集2件锆石U-Pb定年样品(DTS-1、DTS-7)进行测年工作，测试结果见表 1，代表性锆石阴极发光(CL)图像、测试点位及测试结果见图 2a。锆石多为短柱状，长宽比接近1:1，CL图像显示岩浆成因振荡环带，锆石Th/U值分别为0.49~1.35、0.55~2.14，具有典型岩浆锆石的特征。样品DTS-1中存在年龄为(430±5)Ma及(158±2) Ma的捕获锆石，其中谐和度较好的13颗锆石获得加权平均年龄为(92.2±1.3)Ma(MSWD=1.6)(图 2b)，样品DTS-7中15颗锆石测点获得加权平均年龄为(86.4±0.9)Ma(MSWD=1.4)(图 2c)，2件样品测年结果均为晚白垩世早期，代表了东台山岛火山岩的形成时代。
表 1. 东台山岛火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果Table 1. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating results of volcanic rocks from Dongtaishan Island
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3.2 地球化学组成
主量元素测试采用Axios荧光光谱仪在山东省第四地质矿产勘查院完成，微量及稀土元素测试采用ICP-AES及ICP-MS完成于青岛海洋地质研究所。
本次共采集5件地球化学样品进行全岩主微量元素含量分析，测试结果见表 2。样品整体显示高的SiO2(72.09%~76.03%)、全碱(Na2O+K2O=7.16%~ 9.17%)含量以及分异指数(DI=94~98)，低Al2O3(10.95% ~14.06%)、MgO(0.05% ~0.57%)、TiO2 (0.11%~0.36%)含量。在TAS岩石类型判别图解中(图 3a)，样品落在流纹岩区域；在SiO2-K2O图解中(图 3b)，样品落在高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩区域；在A/ CNK-A/NK图解中(图 3c)，样品落在过铝质区域。因此，东台山岛火山岩整体属于过铝质钙碱性系列岩石。
表 2. 东台山岛火山岩主量元素(%)和微量元素(10-6)分析结果Table 2. Analytical results of major(%) and trace elements(10-6)of volcanic rocks from Dongtaishan Island
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图 3. SiO2-(Na2O+K2O)-图解(a, 据Rickwood, 1989), SiO2 - K2O图解(b, 据Maitre, 1989)和A/CNK- A/NK图解(c, 据Shand, 1943)Figure 3. SiO2-(Na2O+K2O)diagram(a, after Rickwood, 1989), SiO2 - K2O diagram(b, after Maitre, 1989) and A/CNK- A/NK diagram(c, after Shand, 1943)在球粒陨石标准化稀土配分曲线中(图 4a)，样品呈轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的右倾模式((La/ Yb)N=1.00~7.12)，显示不同程度的Eu负异常(Eu/ Eu*=0.06~0.75)。在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图中(图 4b)，样品显示不同程度Rb、Th、U等元素的富集以及Ba、Sr等元素的亏损。
图 4. 球粒陨石标准化稀土元素模式图(a)和原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图(b)(标准化值引自Sun and McDonough, 1989)Figure 4. Chondrite-normalized REE(a) and primitive-mantle-normalized multi-element patterns(b)(after Sun and McDonough, 1989)4. 讨论
4.1 形成时代与区域岩浆作用对比
中国东南沿海地区在晚中生代以来爆发了大规模的岩浆活动，具有分布范围广、持续时间长的特征，构成了濒太平洋地区构造-岩浆-成矿带的重要组成部分(Li and Li, 2007；毛建仁等, 2014)。近年来，不同学者先后对晚中生代岩浆岩开展了高精度同位素年代学研究，获得了大量的年代学数据(Li and Li, 2007；邢光福等, 2009；高万里等, 2014；Liu et al., 2018；Zhang et al., 2018)。现有岩浆岩年龄数据指示中国东南沿海地区晚中生代岩浆活动具有持续时间长、多期次活动的特征，尽管不同学者对晚中生代岩浆作用的期次划分存在不同观点(Lapierre et al., 1997；Li et al., 2007；邢光福等, 2009；Wang et al., 2013；毛建仁等, 2014)，但是不可否认，中国东南沿海地区晚中生代以来(J3-K2)岩浆岩在空间上具有明显的由内陆向沿海地区逐渐变年轻的趋势，显示岩浆作用由陆向海迁移的时空变异特征(Zhou et al., 2000；舒良树等, 2004；Li et al., 2007, 2019)。
本次2件锆石U-Pb测年样品分别获得了92 Ma和86 Ma的年龄信息，二者年龄近一致，表明东台山岛火山岩形成于晚白垩世早期，与区域上火山-岩浆活动爆发时代基本一致，是晚中生代岩浆活动末期的产物。东台山岛离岸约50 km，与内陆沿海地区岩浆岩相比，东台山岛岩浆岩形成时代更为年轻，显示出陆域岩浆岩的迁移规律在近岸岛屿岩浆岩中得到进一步延伸。近岸岛屿东台山岛火山岩形成时代的确定，表明中国东南沿海地区近岸岛屿早期的形成与区域晚中生代岩浆活动相关，同时进一步为中国东南沿海地区晚中生代岩浆岩由内陆向沿海迁移的时空变异特征提供了支撑。
4.2 岩浆源区与成岩过程
实验岩石学研究表明，不同组分的陆壳发生部分熔融可以形成不同类型的花岗质熔体(Winther, 1996；Skjerlie et al., 2002)，其中中基性火成岩地壳部分熔融会形成化学成分偏基性的准铝质-弱过铝质的Ⅰ型花岗岩(Wolf et al., 1994；Sisson et al., 2005)，而地壳中沉积岩系部分熔融则会形成偏酸性的过铝质花岗岩类(Johannes et al., 1996)。东台山岛火山岩以酸性流纹岩与流纹质火山碎屑岩为主，地球化学组成具有过铝质高钾钙碱性岩石的特征，反映其应该起源于下地壳变沉积岩部分熔融。在岩浆源区判别图解中(图 5)，火山岩样品特征地球化学元素比值同样指示其源区物质组成以沉积岩为主。
图 5. Al2O3/(FeOt+MgO+TiO2)-Al2O3/(FeOt+MgO+TiO2)图解(a，据Douce, 1999)和Rb/Sr-Rb/Ba图解(b, Sylvester, 1998)Figure 5. Al2O3/(FeOt+MgO+TiO2)-Al2O3/(FeOt+MgO+TiO2)diagram(a, after Douce, 1999) and Rb/Sr-Rb/Ba diagram(b, after Sylvester, 1998)样品高的SiO2含量(> 70%)、FeOt/MgO比值、分异指数(DI > 90)以及明显的Sr、Ba、Eu负异常，具有高分异岩石的地球化学特征，这与区域上早白垩世末期—晚白垩世初期的火山岩系地球化学特征相似(Chen et al., 2008, 2016；Guo et al., 2012；Zhang et al., 2018)，指示火山岩在成岩过程中在浅层岩浆房内(< 10 km)经历了强烈的结晶分异作用(Bachmann et al., 2004；Hildreth, 2004；Gualda and Ghiorso, 2014)。在Sr-Rb/Sr和Sr-Ba图解中(图 6)，火山岩样品显示出强烈的钾长石结晶分异的趋势，这也合理解释了岩石样品中不同程度的Eu负异常。因此，东台山岛流纹质岩石应该起源于下地壳变沉积岩部分熔融，并在浅层岩浆房内经历广泛结晶分异作用的产物。
图 6. Sr-Rb/Sr图解(a)和Sr-Ba图解(b)(据Rollinson, 1993)Amp—角闪石；Bi—黑云母；Kfs—钾长石；Pl—斜长石Figure 6. Sr-Rb/Sr diagram(a) and Sr-Ba diagram(b)(after Rollinson, 1993)Amp-Hornblende; Bi-Biotite; Kfs-Potash feldspar; Pl-Plagioclase4.3 构造背景与深部地球动力学机制
晚中生代岩浆岩在中国东南沿海地区大规模发育，但是对于该期岩浆爆发的构造背景以及深部动力学机制一直存在较大的争议，先后提出了陆陆碰撞、大陆拉张裂解、地幔柱、古太平洋俯冲、走滑模型等动力学模型(Gilder et al., 1996；谢窦克等, 1997；Hsü et al., 1988；Li et al., 2007, 2012；Ling et al., 2009；孙卫东等, 2010；邵济安等, 2015)。岩浆岩地球化学以及同位素资料指示中国东南沿海地区晚中生代岩浆岩(J3-K2)整体以钙碱性酸性岩石为主，具有壳源成因弧型岩浆岩的特征(Li et al., 2007；高万里等, 2014；Zhang et al., 2018)。近年来，早白垩世A2型酸性岩以及双峰式岩石组合的识别，指示区域构造背景发生了从侏罗纪挤压到白垩纪伸展的转变(张招崇等, 2007；Wu et al., 2012；Yang et al., 2012；刘树文等, 2013；Li et al., 2013；Deng et al., 2014；Li et al., 2014)。
越来越多的研究指示中国东南沿海地区晚中生代构造-岩浆事件的深部动力学机制主要与古太平洋俯冲作用相关(Zhou et al., 2000；Li et al., 2007, 2019；徐先兵等, 2009；索艳慧等, 2017；李三忠等, 2018；Zhang et al., 2018；Suo et al., 2019)，而研究发现中生代以来古太平洋洋壳的俯冲方向以及俯冲几何形态可能发生过多次改变(Koppers et al., 2001；Sun et al., 2007；张旗等, 2009；Li et al., 2019；Suo et al., 2019)，Li et al.(2007)提出平板俯冲模型来解释华南地区宽达1300 km的岩浆岩带，而早白垩世以来构造环境的转变与岩浆作用的迁移被认为是平板俯冲洋壳板片断离下沉后板片回转的产物。板片回转引发的深部软流圈地幔上涌会导致上覆岩石圈发生伸展，并发生部分熔融形成弧型岩浆作用，而随着俯冲角度增大，地幔楔的前进会导致弧型岩浆作用向海沟方向迁移(Tatsumi, 1990；Nakakuki and Mura, 2013)。板片回转模型无疑为中国东南沿海地区晚中生代构造-岩浆事件的深部动力学机制提供了一个合理的解释，东台山岛晚白垩世岩浆作用应该就是古太平洋洋壳俯冲过程中板片回转的产物。
5. 结论
(1) LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年在东台山岛火山岩中获得了92 Ma和86 Ma的谐和年龄信息，指示东台山岛火山岩浆活动形成于晚白垩世，其时代与东南沿海地区大规模出露的晚中生代火山-侵入岩相一致。
(2) 东台山岛火山岩以过铝质高钾钙碱性流纹质火山岩为主，高的分异指数(> 90)与强烈的Sr、Ba、Eu元素亏损显示高演化岩石的特征，研究认为该套火山岩起源于变沉积岩地壳重熔，并在浅层岩浆房内经历了强烈的结晶分异作用。
(3) 东台山岛火山岩浆活动形成于洋壳俯冲背景，其深部地球动力学机制应该与古太平洋晚中生代板片回转相关。
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图 1 研究区地质简图与采样位置(a, b)、流纹岩手标本与镜下照片(c, d)和流纹质凝灰岩手标本与镜下照片(e, f)(图a据Li et al., 2014)
Figure 1.
图 3 SiO2-(Na2O+K2O)-图解(a, 据Rickwood, 1989), SiO2 - K2O图解(b, 据Maitre, 1989)和A/CNK- A/NK图解(c, 据Shand, 1943)
Figure 3.
图 4 球粒陨石标准化稀土元素模式图(a)和原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图(b)(标准化值引自Sun and McDonough, 1989)
Figure 4.
图 5 Al2O3/(FeOt+MgO+TiO2)-Al2O3/(FeOt+MgO+TiO2)图解(a，据Douce, 1999)和Rb/Sr-Rb/Ba图解(b, Sylvester, 1998)
Figure 5.
图 6 Sr-Rb/Sr图解(a)和Sr-Ba图解(b)(据Rollinson, 1993)
Figure 6.
表 1 东台山岛火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果
Table 1. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating results of volcanic rocks from Dongtaishan Island
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 东台山岛火山岩主量元素(%)和微量元素(10-6)分析结果
Table 2. Analytical results of major(%) and trace elements(10-6)of volcanic rocks from Dongtaishan Island
下载: 导出CSV
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