Geological and mineralization characteristics of Manono–Kitotolo Li−Cs−Ta pegmatite in the Democratic Republic of Congo
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摘要:
研究背景 Manono–Kitotolo伟晶岩位于刚果（金）中元古代Kibaran稀有金属成矿带，属于锂–铯–钽伟晶岩（LCT），主要由含锂辉石伟晶岩（40%~70%）构成。通过野外地质调查发现：伟晶岩在横向上由外至内依次发育有：花岗细晶岩带（Ⅰ）—白云母长石石英带（Ⅱ）—石英钠长石带（Ⅲ）—锂辉石带（Ⅳ）—石英内核（Ⅴ）。
研究方法 通过电子探针（EPMA）法测试，获得伟晶岩中云母、锂辉石、锡石和铌钽铁矿的主量成分，对伟晶岩的分异演化特征、锂矿化、铌钽矿化和锡矿化特征进行了讨论，并对Manono–Kitotolo伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床的成矿作用进行了分析。
研究结果 白云母由外向内Rb、Li和F含量逐渐升高，K/Rb值逐渐降低，锂云母石英带（Ⅴ−1）中产出的锂云母FeO和Rb2O含量相对高于白云母，表明伟晶岩由外向内结晶的分异演化程度较高。
结论 锂矿化主要分布在锂辉石伟晶岩（Ⅳ）中，锂辉石粒度呈巨晶—粗粒—中粒变化，主量成分较稳定，但近地表的氧化淋滤作用与黏土化、云英岩化等蚀变作用造成锂元素发生流失；锡矿化分布于Ⅲ—Ⅳ带中，锡石Nb和Ta含量相对较高，属于稀有金属伟晶岩成因，但粗粒锡石主要形成于云英岩化阶段；铌钽矿化分布于Ⅱ—Ⅳ带中，根据元素含量比值显示其为铌铁矿–钽铁矿–锰钽铁矿系列，随着分异作用的进行，铌钽矿物中的钽和锰的含量增加，铌、铁和钛的含量降低，形成富钽、富锰的铌钽铁矿。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
Objective The Manono–Kitotolo spodumene (40%−70%) pegmatite, one of the lithium−cesium−tantalum pegmatite (LCT) in the world, is located at the Mesoproterozoic Kibaran rare metals metallogenic belt in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The field works revealed that the symbiotic minerals of pegmatite gradually evolved from outside to inside: granite aplite zone(Ⅰ), muscovite−feldspar quartz zone (Ⅱ), quartz albitite zone (Ⅲ), spodumene zone (Ⅳ) and quartz kernel (Ⅴ).
Methods In this study, the composition of major elements of mica, spodumene, cassiterite and columbite−tantalite are analyzed by Electron probe X−ray micro−analyzer (EPMA) to bring light on Li−Nb−Ta−Sn mineralization and pegmatitic crystallization differentiation.
Results The results show that the content of Rb, Li, and F in muscovite gradually increased from outward (Ⅰ) to inward (Ⅴ), meanwhile the K/Rb gradually decreased. The content of Fe and Rb in lepidolite (V−1) is relatively higher than in muscovite(Ⅱ), which indicating highly fractionated pegmatite inside. Li mineralization mainly occurs in spodumene pegmatite (Ⅳ).
Conclusions The grain size of spodumene varies from macro−crystal to coarse grain and medium grain and its principal components keep consistent except Li lost by oxidative leaching, argillation, greisenization and other alterations. Cassiterite with high Nb and Ta is generally formed by greisenization in zone Ⅲ–Ⅳ. Nb−Ta is mineralized in the form of the columbite−tantalite−manganotantalite isomorphism in the zone Ⅱ–Ⅳ, with the development of differentiation, the content of Ta and Mn in minerals increases, while the content of Nb, Fe and Ti decreases and formed Ta−rich and Mn−rich Columbite−tantalite.
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图 1 Kibaran成矿带区域地质图（据Melcher et al., 2015修改）
Figure 1.
图 2 Manono地区地质简图（a）、Manono–Kitotolo矿区地质图（b）（据Ferguson et al., 2019修改）和Malata伟晶岩脉剖面示意图（c）
Figure 2.
图 5 Manono–Kitotolo伟晶岩中云母的K/Rb vs. Li、F、Rb、Cs、Fe、Mn相关图解（Li数据来源于Dewaele et al., 2016；Rb、Cs、Fe、Mn元素含量根据表1中氧化物的含量换算）
Figure 5.
图 6 Mpete伟晶岩脉的稀有元素含量变化特征图（数据来源于Eckhof, 2017）
Figure 6.
表 1 Manono–Kitotolo伟晶岩中云母元素组成分析结果
Table 1. Analytical data of major composition of mica in the Manono–Kitotolo pegmalite
结构带 矿物 样品号/点位 测试结果/% K/Rb 备注 SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 FeO MnO Na2O K2O Rb2O Cs2O F 总量 Ⅰ Ms bgk1-1① 46.72 0.34 34.06 2.49 0.04 0.65 10.64 0.14 bdl 0.85 95.81 69.20 Ms RG16811 47.89 0.03 35.80 — 0.04 1.08 9.37 — — 0.54 100.56 39.71 Ⅱ Ms bgn2-1① 46.11 0.03 36.85 0.82 0.07 0.40 10.41 0.73 0.02 0.34 95.44 12.98 Ms RG5826 46.56 0.03 33.60 — 0.05 0.48 10.66 — — 0.21 100.84 45.17 Ms RG9699 47.53 0.03 33.49 — 0.27 0.54 10.31 — — bdl 99.44 43.69 Ⅳ Ms bgn1-3③ 46.69 bdl 34.90 2.68 0.25 0.53 10.28 0.55 0.02 0.81 95.94 17.02 Ms B34① 46.42 0.05 35.09 2.68 0.34 0.33 10.71 0.71 0.02 0.62 96.40 13.73 Ms RG15992 47.46 0.03 34.73 — 0.30 0.92 9.85 — — 0.56 100.16 15.06 Ms RG16005 46.90 0.04 33.70 — 0.27 0.62 10.32 — — 1.19 100.16 16.30 Ⅳ−1 Ms bgn2-3① 45.62 0.02 38.35 0.05 0.13 0.46 10.45 1.15 bdl 0.00 96.27 8.27 Ms bgn2-3③ 46.15 bdl 36.89 0.08 0.14 0.35 10.62 1.90 bdl 0.63 96.18 5.09 Ⅴ−1 Lpd bgn2-5① 52.57 bdl 24.83 0.10 1.36 0.07 10.20 2.92 0.08 4.44 92.33 3.18 Lpd RG14 55.47 0.01 25.65 0.04 0.39 0.37 9.02 — — 4.05 99.79 5.13 Ⅴ−1 Ms bgn2-5⑤ 46.44 bdl 37.93 0.05 0.07 0.24 9.90 0.75 bdl 0.00 95.38 12.02 Ms bgn2-5② 46.18 bdl 37.92 0.02 0.05 0.21 10.21 1.27 bdl 0.00 95.90 7.32 Ms bgn2-5③ 46.71 0.02 37.89 0.02 bdl 0.17 10.97 0.85 bdl 0.00 96.79 11.75 Ms bgn2-5⑥ 45.33 bdl 37.99 bdl 0.03 0.17 10.06 0.73 0.03 0.00 94.34 12.55 G Ms bgs1-2① 46.82 0.05 32.59 3.57 0.43 0.23 10.61 0.96 bdl 1.43 95.41 10.06 云英岩化 Ms RG16747 58.64 0.04 28.12 — 0.12 0.52 7.96 — — 0.68 101.71 15.85 Ms RG16777 46.44 0.03 34.82 — 0.20 0.66 9.91 — — 1.24 98.91 14.21 Ms RG16958 45.81 0.02 37.40 — 0.16 0.75 10.17 — — 0.61 99.87 14.49 注：RG系列样品的分析结果来自Dewaelea et al.（2016）；K/Rb比中的K和Rb含量根据氧化物计算；Ms—白云母；Lpd—锂云母；“bdl”表示低于检出限，“—”表示未检测。 
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表 2 Manono–Kitotolo伟晶岩中锂辉石元素组成分析结果
Table 2. Analytical data of major composition of spodumene in the Manono–Kitotolo pegmalite
样品号/点位 测试结果/% SiO2 Al2O3 FeO MnO Na2O K2O CaO Ta2O5 SnO2 总量 bgn1-3① 64.16 27.58 0.48 0.10 0.16 bdl bdl bdl 0.05 92.53 B34③ 63.91 27.54 0.43 0.10 0.14 bdl bdl 0.05 bdl 92.17 B34④ 64.30 27.42 0.19 0.06 0.11 0.02 0.02 bdl bdl 92.12 平均值 64.12 27.51 0.37 0.09 0.14 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.05 92.27
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表 3 Manono–Kitotolo伟晶岩中锡石和铌钽铁矿元素组成分析结果
Table 3. Analytical data of major composition of cassiterite and columbite-tantalite in the Manono–Kitotolo pegmalite
结构带 矿物 点位 铌钽铁矿和锡石测试结果/% Mn/(Fe+Mn) Ta/(Ta+Nb) SiO2 TiO2 FeO MnO Rb2O Nb2O5 Ta2O5 SnO2 WO3 总量 Ⅲ Clb bgn1-1① 0.40 1.62 7.01 8.59 0.40 26.34 52.59 1.00 0.78 99.97 0.55 0.66 Ⅲ Clb bgn1-1② 0.41 0.39 6.22 9.82 1.70 28.85 51.38 0.07 0.58 99.42 0.61 0.65 Ⅲ Clb bgn1-1③ 0.36 0.24 6.37 10.19 1.45 36.66 43.98 0.27 0.32 99.84 0.61 0.55 Ⅲ Clb bgn1-1④ 0.41 1.39 5.93 9.57 1.51 27.64 51.99 0.85 0.32 99.61 0.62 0.66 Ⅲ Clb bgn1-1⑤ 0.41 1.87 6.18 8.98 1.56 25.83 52.67 0.99 0.42 98.95 0.59 0.68 Ⅲ Clb bgn1-1⑥ 0.34 0.26 6.31 9.89 1.51 36.05 45.27 0.05 0.42 100.1 0.61 0.56 不明 Clb P25 — 0.15 — — — — — 0.08 0.06 — 0.34 0.18 不明 Clb P75 — 0.67 — — — — — 0.31 0.30 — 0.72 0.5 均值 0.39 0.82 6.34 9.51 1.56 30.23 49.65 0.45 0.40 99.65 0.58 0.56 G Cst bgs1-2① 0.62 0.03 0.50 0.05 bdl 1.52 1.93 94.96 bdl 100 0.09 0.57 G Cst bgs1-2② 0.62 0.09 0.25 bdl bdl 0.65 0.7 96.32 bdl 99.06 bdl 0.52 G Cst bgs1-2③ 0.60 0.07 0.08 bdl bdl 0.25 0.43 98.26 bdl 100.1 bdl 0.64 G Cst bgs1-2④ 0.60 0.06 0.25 0.03 bdl 0.56 0.65 94.1 bdl 96.8 0.11 0.54 G Cst bgs1-2⑤ 0.55 0.11 0.71 0.04 bdl 2.38 2.02 93.58 bdl 99.88 0.05 0.47 均值 0.598 0.072 0.36 0.04 bdl 1.072 1.146 95.44 bdl 99.18 0.08 0.55 注：P25、P75分析结果来自Melcher et al.（2015）；Spd—锂辉石；Cst—锡石；Clb—铌钽铁矿。
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