Tectonic settings discussion of magmatic nickel−cobalt sulfide deposits in the eastern Kunlun orogenic belt
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摘要:
研究目的 青海省夏日哈木超大型岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床是世界范围内造山带背景发现的最大岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床。此外在东昆仑造山带夏日哈木外围还发现了石头坑德等岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床，初步显示东昆仑造山带良好的镍钴硫化物矿床形成条件和巨大的找矿潜力。
研究方法 通过野外地质调查，室内开展岩石学、矿相学、主微量元素分析、同位素地球化学等。
研究结果 精确锆石U−Pb测年发现，东昆仑造山带夏日哈木等含矿镁铁—超镁铁质岩体基本形成于425~330 Ma，沿柴达木盆地南缘昆北断裂和昆中断裂自西向东依次展布。含矿岩体的岩性主要为辉石橄榄岩、辉石岩、二辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩等，其SiO2含量31.52%~53.31%，MgO含量7.5%~39.03%，Al2O3含量0.1%~16.01%，CaO含量0.23%~13.85%，MgO与SiO2、Al2O3、Na2O、K2O均呈负相关关系。稀土总量介于6.36×10−6~81.5×10−6，平均为29.92×10−6，LREE/HREE平均值为5.34，(La/Sm)N、(La/Yb)N、(Sm/Nd)N、(Gd/Yb)N平均值分别为2.58、5.99、0.76、1.78，轻重稀土分异程度较高。含矿超镁铁质岩普遍具有较为一致的微量元素分布曲线，且与镁铁质岩石表现特征类似，亏损高场强元素Ta、Nb、Ti、P等，而相对富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U等。Sr、Nd同位素研究指示夏日哈木、石头坑德等岩体岩浆源区来源于软流圈地幔，同时δ34S均表现出较高的正值，揭示地壳物质同化混染是形成岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床的关键因素。
结论 结合区域最新构造演化认识，认为东昆仑夏日哈木等超大型岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床是伴随古特提斯裂解岩浆活动的成矿表现。该认识对丰富造山带内岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床成矿理论研究、拓展岩浆镍钴矿床找矿空间与潜力、支撑引领区域找矿实践实现新突破，均具有重要的研究价值和意义。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
Objective The Xiarihamu giant magmatic nickel−cobalt sulfide ore deposit in the eastern Kunlun orogenic belt, the largest magmatic nickel−cobalt sulfide deposit discovered in orogenic belt in the world, is the world's largest prospecting breakthrough in the magmatic sulfide deposits area in the past twenty years after the discovery of the Voisey's Bay deposit in Canada. In addition, several large−scale magmatic nickel−cobalt sulfide deposits, such as Shitoukengde, were discovered, indicating enormous prospecting potential in the eastern Kunlun orogenic belt.
Methods Accurate zircon U−Pb dating found that the ore−bearing mafic−ultramafic rocks in the eastern Kunlun orogenic belt formed at 425−330 Ma. The ore−bearing mafic−ultramafic rocks are distributed along the north Kunlun fault and the central Kunlun fault. The ore−bearing mafic−ultramafic rocks reflected a large−scale magmatism event.
Results The lithofacies of these ore−forming rocks are mainly dunite, pyroxene peridotite, and pyroxenite. The SiO2, MgO, Al2O3, and CaO content ranges from 31.52% to 53.31%, from 7.5% to 39.03%, from 0.1% to 16.01%, and from 0.23% to 13.85%, respectively. On the Harker diagram, the MgO content is negatively correlated with SiO2, Al2O3, Na2O, and K2O, respectively. The total amount of rare earth elements is between 6.36×10−6 and 81.5×10−6, with an average of 29.92×10−6. The average LREE/HREE, (La/Sm)N, (La/Yb)N, (Sm/Nd)N, (Gd/Yb)N value is 5.34, 2.58, 5.99, 0.76, and 1.78, respectively, indicating the degree of differentiation between light and heavy rare earths is high. On the primitive mantle−normalized trace element spider diagram, the ore−bearing mafic and ultramafic rocks have a relatively uniform distribution curve, which are characterized by depletion of high field strength element (Ta, Nb, Ti, and P) and enrichment of large−ion lithophile elements (Rb, Th, and U). The Sr and Nd isotope data indicate that the magma source areas of the Xiarihamu ultramafic intrusion and the Shitongkengde ultramafic intrusions were derived from the asthenosphere mantle. The δ34S value shows a high positive value, revealing that crustal−sulfur contamination played a great role during sulfide saturation.
Conclusions Based on the regional tectonic evolution, we believed that the magmatic nickel−cobalt sulfide deposits in the eastern Kunlun orogenic belt are associated with the break−up of the Paleo−Tethys Ocean. This opinion is significant to the ore−forming theory of magmatic nickel−cobalt sulfide deposits in the orogenic belt and could guide the regional exploration of the magmatic nickel−cobalt sulfide deposits.
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图 1 东昆仑造山带区域地质及岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床分布略图（据Zhang et al., 2019）
Figure 1.
表 1 东昆仑造山带典型铜镍硫化物矿床特征对比
Table 1. Characteristics of magmatic Ni−Cu sulfide deposits in eastern Kunlun orogenic belt
矿床名称 冰沟南 夏日哈木 石头坑德 浪木日 产出位置 造山带 造山带 造山带 造山带 形成时代 427 Ma（辉长岩）
378 Ma（辉石岩）431 Ma（辉长岩）
411 Ma（橄榄辉石岩）425 Ma（辉长岩）
334 Ma（辉石岩）430 Ma （辉长岩）
419 Ma（辉石岩）岩体面积 0.024 km² 0.9 km² 4.71 km² 0.08 km² 主要岩性 斜长橄榄辉石岩、辉长岩、辉长辉绿岩脉 辉长岩、二辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩、辉石岩、二辉岩、方辉岩 辉石岩、橄榄二辉岩、橄榄岩、辉长岩 辉橄岩、辉石岩、辉长岩 含矿岩相 斜长橄榄辉石岩 橄榄岩相、辉石岩相 辉石岩、含长橄辉岩及橄榄岩 辉石岩相、橄榄岩相 矿石类型 稠密浸染状 海绵陨铁状、块状、稠密浸染状 浸染状、半块状 浸染状、海绵陨铁状、珠滴状 围岩特征 狼牙山组大理岩及石英片岩 金水口岩群片麻状花岗岩（含星点状硫化物）和大理岩 金水口群白沙河岩组及万保沟大理岩凝灰岩 金水口岩群白沙河岩组中深变质岩系 数据来源 张照伟等，2017，2018 张照伟等，2015；Li et al., 2015; Song et al., 2016 Zhang et al., 2018 Namkha et al., 2020 
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