An overview of evaluation criteria and model for heavy metal pollution ecological risk in small-scale drainage catchment of mountainous area
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摘要:
研究目的 矿集区小流域属重金属天然高背景区，传统重金属污染评价的统一基准值或标准值已不能满足矿山生态环境监管过程中生态环境服务功能影响评价和矿区恢复治理、土壤污染修复要求；以地球系统科学理论指导开展山区矿集区重金属污染调查评价具有重要意义。
研究方法 本文阐述了以小流域为单元评价山区土壤重金属污染的必要性，对矿集区土壤重金属污染生态风险评价的基准确定与模型方法进行了系统总结。
研究结果 山区矿集区土壤重金属污染与生态风险评价的关键在于调查评价单元的划分，评价基准——地球化学基线的厘定和评价数学模型的确定。
结论 本文梳理了矿集区重金属污染评价基准的三类确定方法：环境质量标准法、地球化学基线法和生态效应法；论述了重金属污染与生态风险评价模型的分类和发展现状及各模型的优缺点及其适用性，评价模型主要有一般指数法、模型指数法和考虑生物有效性与健康风险的评价方法；展望了流域地球关键带调查监测技术框架下的小流域矿集区土壤重金属基线调查评价新技术、新方法的应用，以期为确定已扰动环境下重金属环境地球化学基线特征，回溯土壤环境重金属本底特征，揭示土壤重金属元素的污染来源和迁移转化机制，流域生态环境污染预警和生态环境修复提供参考基准、定量标尺和方法支撑。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
Objective Small-scale drainage catchment in mining areas usually have natural high geological background values of heavy metals, therefore, the traditional unified reference value or standard value for heavy metal pollution assessment can no longer meet the requirements of ecological environment service function impact assessment, land restoration management, and soil restoration requirements in the process of mine ecological environment supervision. It is of great significance to carry out investigation and evaluation of heavy metal pollution in the mining area of shallow mountain areas under the guidance of scientific theory of earth system.
Methods The crux of soil heavy metal pollution and ecological risk assessment in mountainous areas lies in the division of survey and evaluation units-the division of survey and evaluation scales, the determination of assessment criteria-the establishment of geochemical baselines, and the establishment of assessment mathematical models.The investigation and evaluation unit dividing method, as well as three methods for determining assessment criteria for heavy metal pollution including environmental quality standard, geochemical baseline and ecological effect method were reviewed in this article.
Results The classification, applicability and development status of heavy metal pollution and ecological risk assessment models, application of new techniques and methods for geochemistry baseline survey and evaluation of soil heavy metal were summarized for evaluation of heavy metal pollution in the mining area.
Conclusions All these reviews were aiming to provide reference baseline, quantitative ruler and method support for determine the baseline geochemical characteristics of heavy metals in the disturbed environment, tracing back the background characteristics of heavy metals, revealing the sources of pollution and the mechanism of migration and transformation of heavy metal, and methods for early warning of ecological environment pollution and ecological environment restoration support.
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