Property and source of the ore–forming fluids and genesis of the Sidaogou scheelite deposit in the eastern Yanbian area, Jilin Province
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摘要:
研究目的 四道沟钨矿床位于延边东部Au–Cu–W矿集区，是具代表性的石英脉型白钨矿矿床。本文通过该矿床的成矿流体性质、来源及矿床成因研究，以提升东北地区石英脉型白钨矿矿床的成矿理论认识，并为该类型白钨矿进一步找矿提供理论支撑。
研究方法 本文开展了主成矿阶段含白钨矿–石英脉流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析，并配合C–H–O同位素和白钨矿稀土元素分析。
研究结果 流体包裹体岩相学及显微测温相关研究结果显示，主成矿阶段石英中同时分布有富气相、富液相、含石盐子矿物三相以及含CO2三相等类型原生水溶液包裹体，这些不同类型流体包裹体的均一温度大体一致，应属于沸腾流体包裹体。富气端元流体包裹体的最低均一温度为283℃，基本代表了成矿温度。激光拉曼光谱分析结果显示，成矿流体中气相成分以H2O和CO2为主，还有少量N2和CH4。四道沟白钨矿呈现出“驼峰式”的稀土元素配分型式以及弱的负δEu异常。
结论 四道沟钨矿床的成矿流体为氧化性的、高中温的NaCl–H2O–CO2±CH4±N2的流体。C–H–O同位素分析结果表明，成矿流体主要为岩浆水，还有少量大气降水的加入，而流体中的碳主要来源于五道沟群变质沉积岩系的有机物氧化作用。四道沟钨矿床为中温岩浆热液型钨矿床，流体沸腾作用是白钨矿大规模沉淀的主要机制。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
Objective Sidaogou deposit is located in the Au–Cu–W ore concentrated area of the eastern Yanbian, and is a typical quartz vein type scheelite deposit. This paper studied the property and source of the ore–forming fluids and genesis of the deposit, to promote the understanding of the quartz vein type scheelite deposit in NE China and further prospecting.
Methods This paper presents the petrographic observation, microtemperature measurement and Laser Roman spectral analysis of the fluid inclusion, C–H–O isotope analysis and rare earth element compositions for the Sidaogou scheelite–quartz veins.
Results Petrographic observation indicates that the liquid–rich, daughter minerals–bearing, gas–rich, and CO2–bearing inclusions coexisted in the quartz, and all the types of fluid inclusions have similar homogenization temperatures, which indicate that they belong to boiling fluid inclusions. The lowest homogenization temperature of the gas–rich fluid inclusion (283℃) represents the ore−forming temperature. Laser Raman spectral analysis indicates that the gas phases in the fluid inclusions include H2O and CO2, as well as minor CH4 and N2. Scheelite grains yield “hump” type REE patterns with weak negative δEu anomalies.
Conclusions The results indicate that the ore–forming fluids of the Sidaogou scheelite deposit are oxidizing NaCl–H2O–CO2±CH4±N2 fluids with high–medium temperature. C–H–O isotopic data indicate that the ore–forming fluids were mainly derived from magmatic water, mixed with a little bit of meteoric water, and the carbonaceous material resulted from oxidation of organic material in the sedimentary rocks from the Wudaogou Group. Therefore, Sidaogou scheelite deposit belongs to mesothermal vein type scheelite deposit, and the fluid boiling induced the precipitation of scheelite.
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图 1 东北地区构造划分及延边东部地区构造位置（据Wu et al., 2011修改）
Figure 1.
图 8 四道沟钨矿床
$\delta^{18}{\mathrm{O}}_{{\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}} $ –δDV−SMOW（a，底图据Taylor, 1974）与δ18OSMOW–δ13CPDB图解（b，据Ray et al., 1999；Hoefs, 2009）Figure 8.
图 9 四道沟钨矿床白钨矿球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线（标准化数据值据Sun and McDonough, 1989）
Figure 9.
表 1 四道沟钨矿样品特征
Table 1. Characteristics of the Sidaogou scheelite deposit
样品类型 成矿阶段 采样位置 测试手段 测试对象 样品数量 样品特征 石英−粗粒
白钨矿矿石早期石英−粗粒
白钨矿阶段5号钨矿体
地表探槽流体包裹体岩相学及显微测温 石英和白钨矿 2件 含粗粒团块状白钨矿的石英脉 激光拉曼光谱分析 石英 2件 含粗粒团块状白钨矿的石英脉 C–H–O同位素 白钨矿 3件 粗粒、团块状白钨矿 石英 5件 含粗粒团块状白钨矿的石英脉 ICP–MS稀土元素 白钨矿 3件 粗粒、团块状白钨矿 
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表 2 四道沟钨矿床石英和白钨矿中流体包裹体显微测温结果
Table 2. Microthermometric results of fluid inclusions within the quartz and scheelite of the Sidaogou scheelite deposit
样品号 成矿
阶段测试
矿物包裹体类型
（测试数量）冰点温度/
℃子晶溶解
温度/℃气泡消失
温度/℃CO2初熔
温度/℃CO2笼合物
熔化温度/℃CO2部分
均一温度/℃完全均一
温度/℃最终均
一方式s−2 石英−
粗粒
白钨矿
阶段石英 富液相（40） −5.7~−0.8 138~357 液相 s-3 石英 富液相（86） −10.0~−0.8 194~361 液相 富气相（6） −13.0~−4 283~435 气相 含子矿物三相（7） 280~423 273~362 294~423 液相，
子晶最终
融化为主含CO2三相（5） −69.8~−59.4 8~10 17~29 202~329 液相 白钨矿 富液相（5） −3.3~−2.5 160~278 液相 富气相（1） −4 284 气相
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表 3 四道沟钨矿床C–H–O同位素分析结果
Table 3. C–H–O isotopic data of the Sidaogou scheelite deposit
编号 样品类型 δ13CV-PDB/‰ δDV-SMOW/‰ δ18OV-SMOW/‰ $\scriptsize {\delta^{18}{\mathrm{O}}_{{\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}} }$ /‰S-1 白钨矿 −20.7 −83.2 6.2 −4.26 S-2 白钨矿 −22.1 −71.0 6.3 −4.16 S-3 白钨矿 −21.0 −73.3 5.0 −5.46 S-4 石英脉 −17.9 −71.5 10.8 0.34 S-5 石英脉 −17.3 −62.5 12.1 1.64 S-6 石英脉 −15.6 −66.9 13.1 2.64 S-7 石英脉 −16.8 −59.7 10.5 0.04 S-8 石英脉 −16.4 −58.7 11.7 1.24
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表 4 四道沟钨矿床白钨矿稀土元素组成（10−6）
Table 4. Rare earth element compositions (10−6) of scheelite grains in the Sidaogou scheelite deposit
样品 SDG-1 SDG-2 SDG-3 La 1.79 1.78 1.76 Ce 7.94 7.96 7.58 Pr 1.69 1.68 1.76 Nd 12 12.1 11.8 Sm 7.28 7.35 7.52 Eu 2.78 2.82 2.92 Gd 16 16 16.1 Tb 3.7 3.78 3.84 Dy 32.1 32.8 32.8 Ho 7.54 7.74 7.72 Er 19.4 19.9 20 Tm 2.4 2.46 2.37 Yb 9.91 10.1 9.74 Lu 1.09 1.1 1.06 Y 214 214 210 ΣREE 125.62 127.57 126.97 LREE 33.48 33.69 33.34 HREE 92.14 93.88 93.63 LREE/HREE 0.36 0.36 0.36 (La/Yb)N 0.12 0.12 0.12 δEu 0.76 0.77 0.79 δCe 0.96 0.97 0.9
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表 5 延边东部Au–Cu–W矿集区钨矿床地质特征对比
Table 5. Comparison of the geological characteristics in the scheelite deposits of the Au–Cu–W ore concentrated area of the eastern Yanbian
矿床名称 四道沟钨矿床 五道沟钨矿床 杨金沟钨矿床 赋矿地层 五道沟群杨金沟组 成矿相关岩体 晚二叠世石英闪长岩（I型） 中二叠世花岗闪长岩（I型） 晚二叠世英云闪长岩（I型） 控矿构造 NW向和NNE向断裂构造 岩体和围岩中的NW向断裂构造 NW、NWW向断裂或五道沟群中、上段的层间破碎带 矿体特征 沿石英闪长岩与五道沟群变质岩系接触带附近NW向和NNE向断裂呈石英细脉带状，矿体少，厚度小、品位高 沿花岗闪长岩体中的NW向断裂呈单脉状，矿体数量少，单脉厚度大、品位高 呈细脉、网脉状沿五道沟群中、上段的NW、NWW向断裂或层间破碎带分布，矿体数量多、厚度小、品位相对较低 金属矿物 白钨矿为主，少量磁黄铁矿 白钨矿为主，少量黄铁矿、辉钼矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿 以白钨矿为主，少量毒砂、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿等，偶见辉钼矿、铁闪锌矿 围岩蚀变 硅化、碳酸盐化、绢云母化、绿泥石化 硅化、钠长石化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化、黑云母化和白云母化 硅化、钠长石化、黑云母化、白云母化及碳酸盐化 矿床成因 热液脉型矿床 资料来源 本文 陈聪等, 2015 任云生等, 2010
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