Groundwater resources and ecological environment in Songhua River-Liaohe River Basin
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摘要:
松花江—辽河流域（简称松辽流域）是中国重要的商品粮基地，地下水资源对维护中国粮食安全具有重要作用。2019年松辽流域地下水资源量为797.31×108 m3/a，地下水开发利用量为276.4×108 m3。松辽流域地下水面临着水资源局部短缺，局部水位持续下降，“三氮”污染加剧，以及湿地萎缩、土地荒漠化、盐渍化等资源、环境与生态问题。本文对这些问题进行驱动因素分析，主要是气温升高导致水稻适宜区扩大，土地利用方式改变，耕地面积特别是水田面积大幅增加，造成地下水过量开采、地下水面源污染加剧；水库的大量修建加剧干旱缺水地区河道径流减少，地下水补给来源不足，造成地下水供水能力下降，地下水位下降。针对这些问题，提出了加强水资源调查监测，开展水资源合理配置研究，实行地表水和地下水联合调度；加强水资源管理制度建设，强化制度刚性约束；调整农业种植结构，推进节水灌溉，提高水资源利用效率等建议措施。
Abstract:The Songhua River-Liaohe River Basin is an important commodity grain base in China, and groundwater resources play an important role in maintaining China's food security. In 2019, the amount of groundwater resources in Songliao Basin was 797.31×108 m3, and the exploitation amount of groundwater was 276.4×108 m3. Groundwater in Songliao River Basin is faced with resource, environmental and ecological problems such as local shortage of water resources, continuous decline of local water level, aggravation of "three nitrogen" pollution, and wetland shrinkage, land desertification, salinization etc. Based on the analysis of the driving factors of these problems, the main driving force is summarized as the increase of temperature leading to the expansion of rice suitable area, the change of land use pattern, and the substantial increase of cultivated land area, especially paddy field area, resulting in excessive exploitation of groundwater and aggravation of groundwater surface source pollution. The construction of a large number of reservoirs led to the reduction of river runoff in arid and water shortage areas, the lack of groundwater recharge sources, the decline of groundwater supply capacity and the decline of groundwater level. In view of these problems, some suggestions are put forward, including investigation and monitoring of water resources, research on the rational allocation of water resources, joint dispatching of surface water and groundwater, construction of water resources management system, rigid restriction of the system, and adjusting the agricultural planting structure, promoting water-saving irrigation and improving water resources utilization efficiency.
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表 5 三江平原不同时期土地利用状况（104 hm2）
Table 5. Land use status of Sanjiang Plain in different periods(104 hm2)
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