Groundwater resources in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and its development potential
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摘要:
粤港澳大湾区是中国开放程度最高、经济活力最强的区域之一，在国家发展大局中具有重要的战略地位，大湾区未来的发展离不开水资源的支撑和良好的水生态环境。近年来，随着大湾区经济的快速发展，人口激增，需水量上升，水资源环境问题也日益突出，水安全保障程度不足；地下水是水资源的重要组成部分，具有水量稳定、水质较好的特点，可作为重要的应急备用水源。本文从地下水资源着手，系统梳理了大湾区水资源环境条件、地下水资源状况、特征和开发利用潜力，并提出了应急后备水源地建议，得到以下认识：（1）地下水可划分为松散岩类孔隙水、碳酸盐岩岩溶水、基岩裂隙水三大类，其中松散岩类孔隙水和基岩裂隙水分布最广；（2）湾区内地下水水化学类型较为复杂，丘陵山区以HCO3-Na型、HCO3-Ca型及HCO3-Na+Ca型为主，冲积平原及山间盆地以HCO3+Cl-Na型及HCO3+Cl-Na+Ca型为主，三角洲地区以Cl-Na型微咸-咸水为主；（3）西江、北江及东江干流构成湾区内地下水排泄的总渠道，各支流为地下水的局部排泄基准面，地下水动态变化具季节性特征；（4）地下水整体水质较好，Ⅰ-Ⅲ类水占比高达66.25%，从丘陵山区到三角洲平原，水质呈变差趋势，尤其在广州、江门、中山、东莞等城市周边水质较差，超标因子主要为氨氮、氯化物、氟化物、硫酸盐等，三角洲地区发育大量“铁质水”和“氨氮水”，水质性缺水问题突出；（5）地下水开发利用程度很低，东莞及中山等城市基本未开发利用地下水，在各类地下水中，碳酸盐岩岩溶裂隙水具有规模开采的开发利用潜力；（6）综合分析相关资料，提出将广花盆地等10处富水块段作为应急水源地备选，经初步计算每年可为大湾区提供约4.18亿m3的应急水源保障。为应对突发性水质污染及极端干旱气候等大规模供水危机，保障粤港澳大湾区用水安全，促进大湾区高质量发展，建议加强大湾区的基础水文地质调查工作，掌握地下水的水位、水质、水量的动态变化特征，精准计算可用于应急备用开采的地下水储存量。
Abstract:Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is one of the areas with the highest degree of openness and the strongest economic vitality in China. It has an important strategic position in the overall situation of national development. The future development of the bay area is inseparable from the support of water resources and a good water ecological environment. In recent years, with the rapid economic development of GBA, the population is increasing rapidly, the water demand is increasing. As a result, the water environment is deteriorating obviously, and many cities have a single water source, the local water resources storage capacity is limited, and the degree of water security is insufficient. Groundwater is an important part of water resources, with the characteristics of stable water quantity and good water quality, which can be used as an important emergency standby water source. Starting from the groundwater resources, based on the systematic summary of groundwater resources status, characteristics, development and utilization potential, some suggestions in water source of GBA were put forward. It is concluded that groundwater can be divided into three categories: pore water of loose rock, karst water of carbonate rock and fissure water of bedrock, among which pore water of loose rock and fissure water of bedrock are the most widely distributed. The hydro chemical types of groundwater in the bay area are relatively complex, with HCO3-Na、HCO3-Ca and HCO3-Na+Ca as the main types in the hilly area, HCO3+Cl-Na and HCO3 +Cl-Na+Ca as the main types in the alluvial plain and intermountain basin, and Cl-Na brackish water as the main type in the delta area. The main streams of Xijiang, Beijiang and Dongjiang constitute the main drainage channels of groundwater in the bay area. The tributaries are the local discharge datum of groundwater. The groundwater changes dynamically with the seasons. The overall quality of groundwater is good, class Ⅰ-Ⅲ water of which accounts for 66.25%. From hilly areas to delta plain, the water quality shows a trend of deterioration, especially in Guangzhou, Jiangmen, Zhongshan, Dongguan and other cities. The main factors exceeding the standard are ammonia nitrogen, chloride, fluoride, sulfate, etc. The degree of groundwater development and utilization is very low. Groundwater has basically not been developed and utilized in Dongguan and Zhongshan. Of all kinds of groundwater, carbonate karst fissure water has the potential of large-scale exploitation and utilization. Based on the comprehensive analysis of relevant data, 10 water-rich blocks such as Guanghua basin are proposed as emergency water sources, which can provide 418 million m3 of emergency water supply guarantee for GBA every year. In order to deal with the sudden water pollution and extreme arid climate and other large-scale water supply crisis, ensure the water safety of GBA, and promote the high-quality development of GBA, it is suggested to strengthen the basic hydrogeological survey of GBA, master the dynamic change of groundwater level, water quality and water quantity, and accurately calculate the groundwater storage that can be used for emergency exploitation.
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表 1 研究区地下水资源量评价分区及结果
Table 1. Evaluation division and result of groundwater resources in the study area
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表 2 粤港澳大湾区广东省9市供水量数据（1999年、2009年及2019年）
Table 2. Water supply data of nine cities in Guangdong Province(1999, 2009 and 2019)
下载: 导出CSV
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