Evolution of groundwater level in the North China Plain in the past 40 years and suggestions on its overexploitation treatment
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摘要:
华北平原是中国三大平原之一，同时也是粮食主产区之一，京津冀协同发展区，雄安新区皆位于区内，地理位置极其重要。地下水是华北平原主要的供水水源，占总供水量70%左右，自20世纪70年代末以来地下水开采强度不断增大，长期处于严重超采状态，形成规模巨大地下水位降落漏斗，进而引发地面沉降、地裂缝、湿地退化、海水入侵等一系列环境地质问题，制约社会经济可持续发展。研究地下水位演变可以为地下水超采治理及降落漏斗修复提供支撑，本文基于华北平原2019—2020年高密度地下水位统测数据及历史水位资料，研究了2020年现状地下水位流场及漏斗分布状况，系统分析了近40年来地下水位变化特征。研究发现：华北平原东西部浅层地下水位呈现差异化发展，20世纪80年代至2014年平原西部浅层地下水位持续快速下降，累计降幅达20~60 m，太行山前冲洪积扇缘一带水位降幅最大，2014年南水北调工程供水后，西部山前主要城市水位止跌回升；中东部地区水位呈现自然波动状态。深层地下水位20世纪80年代至2014年，总体呈下降趋势，中东部地区水位降幅度最大，累计达到40~90 m；2014年后城市区与农业区深层地下水位呈差异化发展，城区水位回升明显，周边农业区仍呈快速下降趋势。此外，在地下水演变分析基础上，以地下水采补平衡及水位恢复为目标，提出了开展超采区防控目标水位阈值研究、制定地下水减采和回补精准治理方案、优化地下水位监测网以及南水北调农业水源置换可行性研究等建议。研究成果对支撑华北平原地下水超采精准治理，地下水位降落漏斗修复和地下水资源合理开发与管理都具有重要意义。
Abstract:As one of the three great plains in China, North China Plain is also one of the main grain-producing areas. As Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development zone and the Xiongan New Area are both located in the region, its geographical location is extremely important. Groundwater is the main source of water supply in North China Plain, accounting for about 70% of the total water supply. The increasing exploitation of groundwater since the end of 1970s enables it to be in a state of serious overexploitation for a long time, forming a huge groundwater depression cone leading to a series of environmental and geological problems such as land subsidence, ground cracks, wetland degradation, seawater intrusion, etc., restricting the sustainable development of society and economy. The analysis and research on the evolution of groundwater level can provide support for the treatment of groundwater overrun and the restoration of falling funnels. Based on the high-density simultaneous measurement of groundwater level from 2019 to 2020 and historical groundwater level data, the flow field and funnel distribution of the current groundwater level in 2020 were clarified, and the variation characteristics of the groundwater level in the last 40 years were systematically analyzed. The results show that the shallow groundwater in the eastern and western parts of the North China Plain develops in different ways, the shallow groundwater in the west of the plain continued to decline rapidly from the 1980s to 2014 with a cumulative decline of 20-60 meters. The water level in the edge of alluvial and diluvial fan in the piedmont of Taihang Mountain declined the most. After the South-to-North Water Transfer Project began supplying water in 2014, water levels in major western piedmont cities stopped falling and rose. The groundwater level in the central and eastern regions fluctuated naturally. From the 1980s to 2014, the deep groundwater level showed a general downward trend, and the water level in the central and eastern regions dropped the most, reaching 40-90 m accumulatively. After 2014, the deep groundwater level in urban areas and agricultural areas developed differently, and the water level in urban areas recovered obviously, while the surrounding agricultural areas still showed a rapid downward trend. Additionally, based on the analysis of groundwater evolution, aiming at the balance of groundwater mining and recharge and water level recovery, some suggestions are put forward to carry out the research on the threshold of target water level for the prevention and control of overexploitation areas, formulate the groundwater abatement and recharge scheme, and optimize the groundwater level monitoring network. The research results are of great significance to support the accurate management of groundwater overexploitation in the North China Plain, the restoration of groundwater depression cone, and the rational development and management of groundwater resources.
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表 1 分阶段浅层地下水水位年均降速、降水量、开采模数一览
Table 1. Annual decline rate of shallow groundwater level, precipitation and mining module in different periods
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表 2 分阶段深层地下水水位年均降速、降水量、开采量一览
Table 2. Annual decline rate of deep groundwater level, precipitation and extraction in different periods
下载: 导出CSV
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