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摘要:
研究目的 近年来，由微塑料造成的生态环境污染问题引起了广泛关注。
研究方法 本文通过查阅大量土壤微塑料方向的文献，综述了国内外关于土壤中微塑料的来源、危害及检测治理技术最新研究进展。
研究结果 主要包括：（1）土壤中微塑料的主要来源是没有高效回收的农用地膜的裂解，此外还有农业生产活动中使用含有微塑料的污水污泥、空气中的微塑料沉降到地表等；（2）土壤中的微塑料能吸附重金属、抗生素等污染物，改变土壤pH、容重等理化性质，影响蚯蚓等土壤动物的发育，降低参与土壤养分循环过程中关键微生物的活性，对土壤环境造成危害；（3）目前还没有统一的微塑料分离检测技术标准，目检法、光谱法和热分析技术是微塑料主要的分析方法。
结论 土壤中的微塑料会给环境及动植物健康带来不同程度的风险，进一步通过食物链威胁人类健康。未来的研究重点包括阻隔土壤微塑料的来源、土壤微塑料与重金属的复合污染机制和新兴的土壤微塑料检测技术。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
Objective In recent years, ecological and environmental pollution caused by microplastics has attracted widespread interest.
Methods This paper reviews recent progress in research on the sources and hazards of microplastics and detection and treatment technologies investigated in a large number of studies.
Results (1) The primary sources of microplastics in soil are the cracking of agricultural land film without efficient recycling, use of sewage sludge containing microplastics in agricultural production activities, and settling of microplastics from air to surfaces; (2) Microplastics in soil can adsorb heavy metals, antibiotics, and other pollutants, which can change the pH, bulk density, and physical and chemical properties of soil, affect the development of earthworms and other soil animals, and reduce the activities of crucial microorganisms involved in the soil nutrient cycle, thereby harming the soil environment; (3) No unified technical standard for microplastic separation and detection is currently available. Visual inspection and spectroscopic and thermal analysis techniques are the main methods for detecting microplastics.
Conclusions Microplastics in soil prese nt varied levels of risk to the environment and health of animals and plants and threaten human health through the food chain. Future research can focus on blocking the sources of soil microplastics, the pollution mechanism of soil microplastics and heavy metal compound pollution, and innovations in soil microplastic detection technologies.
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Key words:
- soil /
- microplastic /
- source /
- ecological risk /
- detection method /
- treatment technology /
- environmental geological survey engineering
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图 2 中国近年农用塑料薄膜使用量统计图（据中华人民共和国国家统计局，2021）
Figure 2.
图 4 肉眼、显微镜和扫描电镜下四种形态的微塑料（修改自Ding et al., 2020）
Figure 4.
图 5 油提取法分离土壤微塑料的步骤示意图（据董明潭等, 2020修改）
Figure 5.
表 1 常见塑料的主要性质、降解方法及主要用途
Table 1. Characteristics, degradation methods and main uses of common plastics
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表 2 中国不同地区土壤微塑料平均丰度统计
Table 2. Statistics of the average abundance of soil microplastics in different regions of China
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表 3 不同种类微塑料对部分作物植株生长的影响
Table 3. Effects of different types of microplastics on the growth of some plants
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表 4 不同种类微塑料对部分土壤动物的影响
Table 4. Effects of different types of microplastics on some soil animals
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表 5 塑料对人体的不良影响（修改自张思梦等，2019）
Table 5. The adverse effects of plastics on the human body (modified from Zhang Simeng et al., 2019)
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表 6 The adverse effects of plastics on the human body (modified from Zhang Simeng et al., 2019)
Table 6. Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of microplastics identification technology in soil
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