Ecosystem degradation risk based on health and resilience: A case study of Chahannur Lake basin on Bashang Plateau
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摘要:
研究目的 基于生态系统的健康状况与恢复力，构建湖泊流域生态系统退化风险评估体系，从流域尺度为生态环境保护及可持续发展提供科学依据。
研究方法 以坝上高原察汗淖尔流域为例，创建生态系统健康与恢复力交互风险评估矩阵，建立生态退化风险评估体系，开展察汗淖尔流域生态系统退化风险评估。
研究结果 察汗淖尔流域内91.10%的区域生态健康状态处于良好，6.66%为优秀；流域22.76%的区域生态恢复力等级为1~2级，75.00%处于3~4级。交互评估结果表明流域27.51%的区域为低生态退化风险较状态，70.25%的区域处于中等状态。
结论 察汗淖尔流域生态系统总体较好，但局部地区由于恢复力较差，导致生态退化风险处于中等。本次研究所提出的评估方法可精准划分流域尺度生态退化风险等级，为科学制定精准生态保护与退化控制措施提供决策依据。
Abstract:This paper is the result of geological survey engineering.
Objective Based on the health status and resilience of the ecosystem, a risk assessment system of lake basin ecosystem degradation was constructed to provide a scientific basis for ecological environment protection and sustainable development at the basin scale.
Methods Taking the Chahannur Lake basin on Bashang Plateau as an example, the interactive risk assessment matrix of ecosystem health and resilience was created, the ecological degradation risk assessment system was established, and the risk assessment of ecosystem degradation in the ChahannurLakebasin was carried out.
Results 91.10% of the region's ecological health was in a good state, and 6.66% was excellent. In the basin, 22.76% of the regional ecological resilience level is 1–2, and 75.00% is 3–4. The results of the interactive assessment showed that 27.51% of the basin was in a state of low risk of ecological degradation, and 70.25% of the basin was in a state of medium risk.
Conclusions The ecosystem of the Chahannur Lake basin is generally good, but the risk of ecological degradation is moderate in local areas due to poor resilience. The assessment method proposed in this study can accurately classify the risk level of ecological degradation at the watershed scale and provide a basis for the scientific decision−making of precise ecological protection and degradation control measures.
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表 1 流域生态系统健康评估指标体系
Table 1. Evaluation system of watershed ecosystem health index
目标层 准则层 指标层 权重 生态系统健康指数
Watershed ecosystem
Health Index
（WHI）生态格局（0.3） 林草覆盖率 0.6 景观完整度 0.4 生态功能（0.3） 植被类型 0.4 土壤保持指数 0.3 透水面积比例 0.3 生态压力（0.4） 人口 0.5 GDP 0.5 
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表 2 生态系统健康指数分级
Table 2. Classification of watershed ecosystem health index
健康状况 优秀 良好 一般 较差 差 生态健康综合指数（WHI） WHI≥80 60≤WHI＜80 40≤WHI＜60 20≤WHI＜40 WHI＜20
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表 3 生态系统恢复力评价指标
Table 3. Evaluation indicators of watershed ecosystem resilience
因素 指标 指标含义 地形条件 坡度 决定水土流失程度，影响生态系统在扰动后恢复的能力 大气条件 降水 直接影响植被的生长 蒸发 决定区域水分循环能力的大小 水文条件 地下水埋深 水文条件是半干旱地区生态系统的制约因素 土壤含水量 土壤水分条件对植被养分吸收具有显著影响 植被条件 NDVI 决定区域维持水分存储和养分循环能力的大小
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表 4 协方差特征值分析
Table 4. Analysis of covariance eigenvalue
指标 特征值 方差百分比/% 累计/% 权重 降水量 0.040 42.31 42.31 0.42 坡度 0.017 18.03 60.34 0.18 地下水埋深 0.015 16.12 76.46 0.16 土壤含水率 0.010 10.82 87.28 0.11 NDVI 0.008 8.14 95.42 0.08 蒸发量 0.004 4.58 100.00 0.05
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表 5 生态退化风险等级评估交互矩阵
Table 5. Interaction matrix for assessment of risk levels of ecological degradation
生态系统
健康状况生态系统恢复力等级 1级 2级 3级 4级 5级 优秀 低 低 较低 中等 较高 良好 低 较低 中等 中等 较高 一般 较低 中等 较高 较高 高 较差 中等 中等 较高 高 高 差 较高 较高 高 高 高
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表 6 研究所用数据类型及来源
Table 6. Data types and sources used in research
数据名称 数据类型 时间 数据来源 DEM 栅格(30 m) 地理空间数据云( http://www.gscloud.cn/ )NDVI 栅格(30 m) 2020 中国科学院资源环境与数据中心( http://www.resdc.cn )降水量 站点 2020 中国国家气象信息中心( http://data.cma.cn )蒸发量 栅格(500 m) 2020 陆地过程分布式活动档案中心( https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/ )地下水埋深 点(6个/10 km2) 2020 野外调查 土壤含水 栅格(30 m) 2020 地理空间数据云( http://www.gscloud.cn/ )土地利用类型 栅格(30 m) 2020 中国科学院资源环境与数据中心( http://www.resdc.cn )人口 栅格(1000 m) 2010 全球变化科学研究数据出版系统( http://www.geodoi.ac.cn/ ）生产总值 栅格(1000 m) 2010 全球变化科学研究数据出版系统( http://www.geodoi.ac.cn/ ）
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表 7 察汗淖尔流域生态系统各指标取值结果
Table 7. Value results of ecosystem indicators in the Chahannur Lake basin
序号 乡镇 林草
覆盖率景观
完整度植被
类型土壤保持
功能指数透水面积
比例/%人口
指数GDP
指数1 八道沟镇 50.01 54.04 57.56 100.00 93.98 98.23 95.54 2 白音特拉乡 48.05 48.75 54.50 99.67 96.54 99.22 96.17 3 玻璃忽镜乡 57.81 72.62 56.30 99.88 97.50 98.63 95.89 4 朝阳镇 54.71 60.19 49.89 99.47 96.93 99.00 95.29 5 处长地乡 28.36 53.68 63.65 99.98 95.87 98.74 96.79 6 大黑沙土镇 47.80 46.78 56.48 99.22 97.00 99.18 97.22 7 大库联乡 37.00 58.51 58.01 100.00 98.92 97.74 93.09 8 大青沟镇 41.52 49.93 60.07 100.00 92.86 97.40 92.15 9 大苏计乡 48.20 48.35 59.61 99.98 94.73 97.95 93.63 10 大西湾乡 55.37 47.27 57.14 100.00 96.64 98.53 94.59 11 大营盘乡 41.78 51.57 60.37 99.98 94.14 98.63 95.32 12 德包图乡 52.67 57.49 51.83 99.43 96.87 98.95 94.93 13 邓油坊镇 26.62 52.56 63.20 99.98 95.86 98.44 95.53 14 二号卜乡 26.23 52.63 63.86 99.99 95.97 98.75 96.69 15 公腊胡同乡 50.29 58.15 52.73 99.49 97.71 98.80 94.38 16 李家地镇 29.91 43.93 61.65 99.99 96.07 98.50 96.38 17 两面井乡 37.95 43.93 60.52 100.00 95.94 98.24 93.67 18 卢家营乡 36.07 48.29 61.16 99.96 96.42 98.92 96.87 19 满德堂乡 39.51 36.51 60.71 99.98 97.20 98.92 97.21 20 满井镇 70.23 60.53 53.52 100.00 95.54 97.79 94.15 21 七甲乡 36.72 55.93 60.45 100.00 92.87 97.88 93.81 22 七台镇 40.00 55.25 60.77 99.48 91.29 97.95 95.72 23 赛乌素镇 45.18 52.77 56.41 99.99 96.74 98.08 93.58 24 三工地镇 50.10 52.32 58.36 100.00 94.78 98.34 95.20 25 十八顷镇 58.19 43.65 55.39 98.89 96.44 98.92 96.61 26 石井乡 55.87 52.74 56.58 100.00 93.52 97.43 91.85 27 屯垦队镇 49.26 56.13 59.43 99.73 97.31 98.68 96.28 28 五股泉乡 55.92 51.83 54.48 100.00 97.12 99.03 96.03 29 小海子镇 38.99 58.10 58.18 98.90 96.23 98.81 96.44 30 长顺镇 57.68 61.47 50.80 99.53 93.11 97.29 92.76 31 忠义乡 29.88 55.33 62.12 99.98 94.63 98.45 96.31
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表 8 生态恢复力指数分级
Table 8. Classification of ecological resilience index
分级 1级 2级 3级 4级 5级 生态恢复力指数（R） R≥0.64 0.58≤R＜0.64 0.52≤R＜0.58 0.46≤R＜0.52 R＜0.46
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