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摘要:
研究目的 海南既是中国最大的经济特区，又是“一带一路”战略中的重要支点，揭示海南岛地下水资源禀赋，探究地下水资源分布特征及存在的环境地质问题，可以为海南生态保护和高质量发展提供重要支撑。
研究方法 本文以海南岛为研究区，划分评价单元，分析地下水流场特征，评价地下水资源量及水质情况，探究地下水开发利用状况，查明主要环境地质问题。
研究结果 海南岛多年平均地下水资源量约为132.05×108 m3/a，在行政区中，海口市的地下水资源量最大，多年均值为11.33×108 m3/a，昌江县的最小，多年均值为0.07×108 m3/a。海南岛地下水水质整体较差，水质较差区分布在滨海平原区和山前地带，超标因子主要为pH、Al、Mn。岛内存在一系列的环境地质问题，包括琼北盆地的区域性水位下降问题、三亚市海棠湾和榆林湾、东方市板桥镇等地区的海水入侵和土壤盐渍化问题、东方市、昌江县和乐东县等地区的土地沙漠化问题、矿山开采产生的地质环境问题。
结论 海南岛地下水资源量较为丰富，分布差异大，地下水水质较差，环境地质问题突出，应进一步加强水文地质与水资源调查监测工作，加快构建水资源节约集约利用新格局，推进地下水生态环境保护。
Abstract:This paper is the result of hydrogeological survey engineering.
Objective Hainan Island serves as the largest special economic zone in China and plays a crucial role in the "One Belt and One Road" strategy. Unveiling the groundwater resource endowment of Hainan Island, exploring the distribution characteristics of groundwater resources, and addressing existing environmental geological issues can provide vital support for ecological protection and sustainable development on the island.
Methods This study focuses on Hainan Island as its research area. It divides the evaluation units, analyzes the characteristics of groundwater flow fields, evaluates both quantity and quality of groundwater resources, explores their development and utilization prospects while identifying key environmental geological problems.
Results The average annual groundwater resource quantity on Hainan Island is approximately 132.05×108 m3/a. Haikou City possesses the highest amount with an average of 11.33×108 m3/a among all administrative areas, whereas Changjiang County has only 0.07×108 m3/a annually which is significantly lower than other regions. Overall, there is poor groundwater quality across Hainan Island with superstandard factors mainly being pH, Al and Mn distributed in coastal plain area and piedmont area. A series of environmental geological problems exist including regional water level decline in Qiongbei Basin, seawater intrusion and soil salinization in Haitang Bay and Yulin Bay (Sanya City) and Banqiao Town (Dongfang City), land desertification in Dongfang City, Changjiang County and Ledong County, geological environmental problems caused by mining.
Conclusions Despite rich groundwater resources with large distribution differences on Hainan Island, poor water quality remains a prominent issue along with various environmental geological challenges that need to be addressed for sustainable development purposes. It is imperative to further enhance the investigation and monitoring of hydrogeology and water resources, accelerate the establishment of a new paradigm for conserving and intensively utilizing water resources, as well as promote safeguarding the ecological environment of groundwater.
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表 1 海南岛地下水资源分区
Table 1. Groundwater resources division of Hainan Island
四级分区 五级分区 六级分区及序号 海南岛及沿海诸岛区 南渡江 南渡江裂隙地下水系统(1)、南渡江琼北盆地地下水系统(2) 昌化江 昌化江裂隙地下水系统(3)、昌化江昌江平原地下水系统(4) 昌化江乐东山间平原地下水系统(5)、昌化江沿海地区裂隙地下水系统(6) 万泉河 万泉河裂隙地下水系统(7)、万泉河琼海平原地下水系统(8) 海南岛
西北部海南岛西北部裂隙地下水系统(9)、海南岛西北部琼北盆地地下水系统(10) 海南岛西北部昌江平原地下水系统(11)、海南岛西北部沿海地区裂隙地下水系统(12) 海南岛
东北部海南岛东北部裂隙地下水系统(13)、海南岛东北部文昌平原地下水系统(14) 海南岛东北部琼北盆地地下水系统(15)、海南岛东北部琼海盆地地下水系统(16) 海南岛
南部海南岛南部万宁平原地下水系统(17)、海南岛南部陵水平原地下水系统(18) 海南岛南部藤桥林旺盆地地下水系统(19)、海南岛南部三亚盆地地下水系统(20) 海南岛南部崖城盆地地下水系统(21)、海南岛南部九所莺歌海盆地地下水系统(22) 海南岛南部八所斜地地下水系统(23)、海南岛南部裂隙地下水系统(24) 沿海诸岛 沿海诸岛地下水系统(25) 
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表 2 海南岛不同行政区多年平均地下水资源量
Table 2. Perennial average groundwater resources of different administrative regions of Hainan Island
行政区名称 评价面积/
km2多年平均地下水
资源量/亿m3地下水资源模数/
(万m3/(km2·a))白沙黎族自治县 3649.30 10.85 29.73 保亭黎族苗族自治县 1271.22 3.73 29.34 昌江黎族自治县 612.47 2.15 35.10 澄迈县 1609.15 7.49 46.55 儋州市 3038.29 11.16 36.73 定安县 1470.64 6.65 45.22 东方市 3375.29 10.39 30.78 海口市 2088.31 11.33 54.25 乐东黎族自治县 1716.47 5.75 33.50 临高县 1259.87 7.19 57.07 陵水黎族自治县 996.61 3.32 33.31 琼海市 1972.91 8.95 45.36 琼中黎族苗族自治县 1780.21 5.40 30.33 三亚市 1988.60 6.35 31.93 屯昌县 2037.05 9.45 46.39 万宁市 1608.45 8.38 52.10 文昌市 2354.61 10.05 42.68 五指山市 1144.00 3.47 30.33
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表 3 历年开采量与水位下降区最低水位埋深统计
Table 3. Mining amount over the years and buried depth of the lowest water level in the drainage center area
年份 1965 1975 1979 1983 1986 1989 1995 2011 地下水开采量Q/(万m3/d) 1.90 4.45 6.27 10.43 13.18 19.29 38.25 20.15 水位下降区最低水位埋深S/m 2.83 6.68 8.94 14.86 18.21 24.71 43.34 25.32
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表 4 东方市板桥镇海水入侵评价结果
Table 4. Evaluation results of seawater intrusion in Banqiao Town, Dongfang City
海水入侵等级 电导率范围/(mS/cm) 超标点数 海水入侵面积/km2 严重入侵 7.47~55.6 3 2.76 轻度入侵 1.63~3.12 11 5.68 合计 1.63~55.6 14 8.44
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