Spatial pattern of water conservation function and ecological management suggestions in the catchment area of the upper reaches of Qinhe River in the Yellow River Basin from 1990 to 2020
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摘要:
研究目的 沁河流域作为黄河中游重要的来水区与水土功能保持区，流域上游汇水区主要涵括沁源与安泽两县，科学分析其水源涵养能力的时空变化特征与影响因素可为沁河中下游地区乃至流域范围的生态环境修复与黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展规划提供技术依据。
研究方法 本文采用水量平衡方法，对1990—2020年30年间区域内生态系统水源涵养功能时空动态变化特征与不同因素对水源涵养能力的影响进行分析讨论，根据区域水源涵养能力并结合其内自然保护地分布划分出区域水源涵养重要性等级。
研究结果 （1）研究区内水源涵养能力空间上表现出南高北低，中间高，四周低，地域差异显著，多年水源涵养量均值为366.74×106 m3；近30年水源涵养功能变化趋势呈现先减少后增加的特征。（2）气候因子与水源涵养量相关性较强，植被类型也影响着水源涵养的空间特性。植被类型中，森林是区域内生态系统水源涵养的主体，但从水源涵养能力来看灌丛要高于森林和草原。（3）研究区内水源涵养重要和极重要区域总面积为733.38 km2，占研究区总面积的35%，两者水源涵养总量占全区的53.63%，主要分布在河流两岸与大起伏山地过渡的中小起伏山地之中以及安泽县的南部区域，是整个研究区的水源涵养集中地区。
结论 针对沁河流域上游水源涵养能力的建设，提出了一些生态治理措施，包括将灵空山、花坡一带确定为水源涵养功能极重要区域；因地制宜增加水源涵养能力较强的树种，加大亚高山草甸和温带草原的治理与恢复。
Abstract:This paper is the result of ecological environment geological survey engineering.
Objective The Qinhe River Basin serves as an important water−receiving area and soil−water conservation functional area in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. The main water catchment area in the upper reaches of the basin mainly covers two counties, Qinyuan and Anze. Scientific analysis of the temporal and spatial variation characteristics and influencing factors of its water conservation capacity can provide technical basis for the ecological environment restoration in the middle and lower reaches of the Qinhe River and even the entire basin, as well as for the ecological protection and high−quality development planning of the Yellow River Basin.
Methods This paper uses the water balance method to analyze and discuss the spatiotemporal dynamic change characteristics of the water conservation function of the ecosystem in the region during the 30 years from 1990 to 2020 and the influence of different factors on the water conservation capacity.According to the regional water conservation capacity and combined with the distribution of natural protected areas within it, the importance level of regional water conservation is divided.
Results (1) In terms of space, the water conservation capacity in the study area shows a pattern of being high in the south and low in the north, high in the middle and low around, with significant regional differences. The average value of multi−year water conservation volume is 366.74×106 m3.The change trend of water conservation function in nearly 30 years shows a characteristic of first decreasing and then increasing. (2) Climate factors have a strong correlation with water conservation volume, and vegetation types also affect the spatial characteristics of water conservation.Among vegetation types, forests are the main body of water conservation in the ecosystem within the region. However, in terms of water conservation capacity, shrublands are higher than forests and grasslands. (3) The total area of important and important−highly water conservation areas in the study area is 733.38 km2, accounting for 35% of the total area of the study area.The total amount of water conservation of the two accounts for 53.63% of the whole area. They are mainly distributed in the small and medium−sized undulating mountains in the transition between the two sides of the river and the large undulating mountains and the southern area of Anze County. It is the concentrated area of water conservation in the entire study area.
Conclusions For the construction of water conservation capacity in the upper reaches of the Qinhe River Basin, some ecological governance measures are proposed, including identifying the Lingkong Mountain and Huapo areas as extremely important areas for water conservation function. According to local conditions, tree species with strong water conservation capacity can be increased, and the governance and restoration of subalpine meadows and temperate grasslands can be strengthened.
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表 1 平均地表径流系数
Table 1. Mean surface runoff coefficients
生态系统类型 植被类型 平均地表径流系数/% 森林 常绿阔叶林 4.7 常绿针叶林 4.5 落叶阔叶林 2.7 落叶针叶林 0.9 灌丛 常绿阔叶灌丛 4.3 落叶阔叶灌丛 4.2 草原 温带草原 3.9 高山草甸 4.2 耕地 旱地 16.3 灌溉农田 18.3 湿地 沼泽和水库 0.00 
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表 2 研究区水源涵养功能评价分级
Table 2. Evaluation and grading of water conservation function in the study area
水源涵养能力 一般 中等 重要 极重要 累积服务值占服务总值比例/% <15 15~35 35~50 >50 水源涵养量/(107 m3) 2.84 16.71 12.58 4.23 面积/km2 605.97 2693.15 941.81 283.52 面积占比/% 13.24 59.52 20.81 6.27
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表 3 研究区自然保护区与国家公园
Table 3. Nature reserves and national parks in study areas
名称 县域 面积/km2 保护对象 类型 国家级自然保护区 灵空山 沁源 88.65 以油松为主的典型暖温带针阔叶森林生态系统体系和珍稀动物 森林生态系统 省级自然保护区 红泥寺 安泽 81.79 落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林为主的森林生态系统，野生物物种 森林生态系统 国家级森林公园 太岳山 沁源 86.65 暖温带针阔叶森林生态系统及丰富的珍稀生物物种 森林生态系统 国家级森林公园 安泽 安泽 198.24 暖温带针阔叶森林生态系统体系和丰富珍稀动物 森林生态系统 国家级森林公园 菩提山 沁源 32.08 沁河流域的水源涵养区，油松集中分布地，珍稀动物栖息地 森林生态系统 省级森林公园 红叶岭 安泽 112.43 暖温带针阔叶森林生态系统，黄栌景观区 森林生态系统 国家级草原公园 花坡 沁源 26.67 亚高山草甸，高原气候特征、生长矮草类高山植物，天然的优良牧场 草原生态系统 国家级湿地公园 沁河源 沁源 0.94 沁河源头，涵盖了河流湿地、沼泽湿地、库塘湿地三大类型 湿地生态系统
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