Zircon resource characteristics, deposit types, key applications and prospecting prospects in China
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摘要:
研究目的 锆是一种稀有金属，是关键金属矿产之一，因其耐高温、抗腐蚀、易加工、机械性能好、化学性质稳定等特点，锆金属和锆的化合物在军事工业、耐火材料、陶瓷等行业均有关键应用，锆石在地质定年和示踪岩浆源区方面应用广泛。
研究方法 本文通过收集整理总结前人研究资料，对中国锆矿资源分布、锆矿床类型特征以及锆金属及其合金的关键应用进行研究。
研究结果 中国锆矿床主要分布于内蒙古、海南、广东、云南和广西5省，这5个省区的锆矿储量之和占全国储量的97.6%。中国锆矿资源禀赋较差，储量约50万t（以ZrO2计），仅占全球储量的0.7%。中国每年锆矿需求量约120万t，但中国每年锆矿进口量约110万t，锆矿对外依赖程度高达90%以上。中国锆矿床可分为内生矿床和外生矿床两类，其中内生矿床可分为碱性花岗岩型、伟晶岩型、碱性岩型和变粒岩型，外生矿床可分为滨海沉积型、河流冲积型、风化壳和残坡积型。
结论 综合前人研究资料认为，内生矿床与碱性岩、碱性花岗岩、伟晶岩关系密切，塔里木—华北克拉通北缘断裂带和大兴安岭南段具有较大找矿潜力；外生矿床以砂矿床为主，主要分布于海南岛沿海地带、东南沿海地带和环渤海—黄海地带，海南岛东部海域、西部昌化江河口和胶东半岛东南沿海区有较大找矿潜力。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
Objective Zirconium is a rare metal and one of the key metal minerals. Because of its high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, easy processing, good mechanical properties and stable chemical properties, zirconium metal and zirconium compounds have key applications in military industry, refractories, ceramics and other industries, and zircon is widely used in geological dating and tracing magma source areas.
Methods By collecting and summarizing the previous research data, this paper studies the distribution of zirconium ore resources, the characteristics of zirconium deposit types and the key applications of zirconium metal and its alloys in China.
Results Zirconium deposits in China are mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia, Hainan, Guangdong, Yunnan and Guangxi provinces, and the sum of the zirconium deposits in these five provinces accounts for 97.6% of the national reserves. Zirconium mine in China has a poor resource endowment, with a reserve of about 500000 tons (calculated by ZrO2), accounting for only 1% of the global reserves. China's annual demand for zirconium ore is about 1.2 million tons, but China's annual imports of zirconium ore are about 1.1 million tons, and the degree of external dependence of zirconium ore is as high as 90%. Zirconium deposits in China can be divided into endogenetic deposits and exogenetic deposits, among which endogenetic deposits can be divided into four types: alkaline granite, pegmatite, alkaline rock and granulite, while exogenetic deposits can be divided into three types: coastal deposit, river impact, weathering crust and eluvial deposit.
Conclusions Based on previous research data, endogenetic deposits are closely related to alkaline rocks, alkaline granites and pegmatites, and the northern margin fault zone of Tarim−North China Craton and the southern section of Daxing'anling Mountains have great prospecting potential. Exogenous deposits are mainly sand deposits, which are mainly distributed in the coastal zone of Hainan Island, the southeast coastal zone and the Bohai Sea–Yellow Sea zone. The eastern sea area of Hainan Island, the mouth of Changhua River in the west and the southeast coastal zone of Jiaodong Peninsula have great prospecting potential.
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图 1 2022年全球锆储量分布图（据USGS, 2023）
Figure 1.
图 4 中国锆矿床分布图（底图为锆地球化学图，据王汝成等, 2020）
Figure 4.
图 6 巴尔哲地区801超大型矿床和802未矿化岩体地质简图（据杨武斌等, 2011修改）
Figure 6.
图 7 新疆依兰里克地区碱性伟晶岩分布地质简图（据谢明材等, 2020修改）
Figure 7.
图 8 中国西北部甘肃省余石山Nb–Ta–Zr–Hf–REE矿床地质线88的横截面（根据Jiang et al., 2020修改）
Figure 8.
图 10 锆英石异常分布区（据宋家伟等, 2021修改）
Figure 10.
图 11 山东省滨海砂矿成矿远景区划图（据迟洪纪等, 2001修改）
Figure 11.
表 1 全球锆矿资源储量表（万t）（据USGS, 2023）
Table 1. Global zirconium resource reserves (104 t) (after USGS, 2023)
国家 锆矿年产量 锆矿储量（以ZrO2计） 2021 2022 澳大利亚 50 50 4800 南非 32 32 590 塞加内尔 6.4 7 260 莫桑比克 10 10 180 中国 14 14 50 美国 <10 <10 50 印度尼西亚 5.5 6 NA 其他国家 15 16 850 总量 130 140 6800 注：对澳大利亚来说，符合联合矿石储备委员会标准或同等储量的总重量为2400万t；NA代表不可用；总量不包括美国。 
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表 2 中国主要锆矿床及类型（数据来源王汝成等, 2020；中国矿产资源储量库）
Table 2. Main types of zirconium deposits in China (Data source: Wang Rucheng et al., 2020; Reserves of mineral resources in China)
序号 矿床名称 矿床类型 赋矿地质体 主要矿种 矿床规模 1 扎鲁特旗801稀土矿 碱性花岗岩型 钠长石化花岗岩 REE−Zr−Nb−Be 大型 2 四川德昌茨达褐钇钶砂矿床 碱性花岗岩型 碱性花岗岩 Y−Nb−Zr 小型 3 西昌莲花山、脚基坪铌钽矿 碱性花岗岩型 碱性花岗岩 Y−Nb−Ta−Zr 中型 4 江西横峰葛源黄山铌钽矿 碱性花岗岩型 钠长石化花岗岩 Nb−Ta−Zr−Hf 中型 5 江西石城海罗岭铌钽矿 伟晶岩型 蚀变花岗伟晶岩 Nb−Ta−Zr−W−Sn−Li−Rb 小型 6 江西横峰葛源黄山铌钽矿 伟晶岩型 钠长石化花岗岩−伟晶岩 Nb−Ta−Zr−Hf 中型 7 四川会理路枯201矿 伟晶岩型 碱性伟晶岩 REE−Nb−Ta−Zr 小型 8 新疆依兰里克 伟晶岩型 碱性伟晶岩 REE−Nb−Ta−Zr 中型 9 新疆可可托海 伟晶岩型 花岗伟晶岩 Li−Be−Nb−Ta−Zr−Hf 大型 10 莱西市塔埠头稀土矿 伟晶岩型 花岗伟晶岩 REE−Zr−U 小型 11 辽宁赛马 碱性岩型 异霞正长岩 REE−Nb−Ta−Zr 小型 12 新疆阔克塔格 碱性岩型 碱性正长岩 REE−Nb−Ta−Zr 小型 13 新疆拜城波孜果尔 碱性岩型 碱性正长岩 Nb−Ta−Zr−Hf−REE 小型 14 甘肃余石山 变粒岩型 变粒岩 REE−Nb−Ta−Zr 中型 15 山东荣成、桃园锆英砂矿 滨海沉积型 砂矿 Zr−Hf 小型 16 辽宁登沙河锆英石砂矿 滨海沉积型 砂矿 Au−Zr−Hf 小型 17 广东陆丰锆英石砂矿 滨海沉积型 砂矿 REE−Ti−Fe−Zr−Hf 小型 18 阳江市丹南独居石砂矿 滨海沉积型 砂矿 REE−Ti−Fe−Zr−Hf 中型 19 徐闻县柳尾砂钛矿 滨海沉积型 砂矿 REE−Ti−Fe−Zr−Hf 中型 20 海南文昌、琼海、万宁、陵水 滨海沉积型 砂矿 Ti−Fe−Zr−Hf 大型 21 广东龙门永汉、电白马店河 河流冲积型 砂矿 Nb−Fe−REE−Zr−Hf 大型 22 陆川白马磷钇矿 河流冲积型 砂矿 REE−Y−Nb−Zr−Hf 中型 23 勐海勐阿独居石矿 河流冲积型 砂矿 Ti−Fe−REE−Zr−Hf 大型 24 广西北流520矿 风化壳和残坡积型 变质花岗岩风化壳 REE−Zr−Hf 大型 25 湖南江华姑婆山(729矿) 风化壳和残坡积型 黑云母花岗岩风化壳 Nb−Y−Zr−Hf 中型 26 江西省龙南县塔背锆矿区 风化壳和残坡积型 黑云母花岗岩风化壳 Nb−Y−Zr−Hf 中型 27 全南县寨下大峰脑锆铪矿 风化壳和残坡积型 黑云母花岗岩风化壳 Nb−Y−Zr−Hf 小型 28 广东广宁512、513矿 风化壳和残坡积型 黑云母花岗岩风化壳 REE−Y−Zr−Hf 中型
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表 3 重要的含锆矿物（据王瑞江等, 2015）
Table 3. Important zirconium–bearing minerals (after Wang Ruijiang et al., 2015)
矿物名称 化学组成 相对密度 硬度 颜色 ZrO2/% HfO2/ZrO2 斜锆石 ZrO2 5.5~6 6~6.5 白、黄、红 80~98 0.02 锆石 ZrSiO4 4.2~4.9 7.5 无、黄、粉红、紫、棕、蓝等 61~67 0.015~0.04 钛锆钍矿 (Ca,Fe)(Ti,Zr,Th)2O5 4.7 5.5 黑 52 0.01~0.027 锆钽矿 Mn,Ca等的硅(锆,钽)酸盐 4.8 6.5 黑、黑褐 20~30 0.006 硅钠钛矿 Na2O·2(Ti,Zr)O2·2SiO2 3.4 6 黑、褐紫 12 钾钙板锆石 K2CaZrSi4O12 3.1 无 21 钠锆石 H4(Na,Ca)ZrSi3O11 2.75 6 淡黄、黄褐 30~40 0.01 斜钠锆石 H6Na2Zr(SiO3)6 2.54 7 白、砖红 21 0.002 钙铝锆钛矿 Ca(Zr,Ti)2O5，其中有A12TiO5 黑 22 钛锆矿 3ZrO2·2TiO2·2H2O 黄绿 水硅钠钛石 Na,Fe,Mn,Ca的硅(铁,锆)酸盐 2~3 紫 异性石 Zr,Fe,Ca,Ce,Na等的偏硅酸盐，含Cl，化学式大致为(Na,Ca)2ZrSi6O17(O,OH,Cl) 2.9~3.0 5~5.5 紫、红、褐 12 0.01
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表 4 锆化合物及用途（据王瑞江等, 2015）
Table 4. Zirconium compounds and applications (after Wang Ruijiang et al., 2015)
化合物 化学式 用途 二氧化锆 ZrO2 耐火材料、研磨材料、电子材料、陶瓷材料 氢化锆 ZrH2 反应堆减速剂、吸气剂、制备锆粉的原料 碳化锆 ZrC 高温耐火材料，生产二氧化锆的原料 氮化锆 ZrN 金属锆表面的硬质膜 氯氧化锆 ZrOCl2·8H2O 生产颜料的原料，媒染剂，瓷器翁结剂，生产各种锆化合物的原料 四氯化锆 ZrCl4 主产金属锆及化合物的原料，石油化学用催化剂 氟化锆 ZrF4 金属表面处理剂、催化剂，金属冶炼 锆氟酸钾 K2ZrF6 金属表面处理剂，生产铝、镜等的添加剂，生产金属锆的原料 六氟化锆 ZrF6 热裂催化剂 硫酸氧锆 ZrO·SO4 白色皮革轿剂，羊毛处理剂 碳酸锆钾 K2ZrO(CO3)2 消炎药 锆酸钙 CaZrO3 陶瓷电容器添加剂，喷镀材料 硅锆酸钠 Na4ZrSiO6 陶瓷原料，白皮革草草剂 氢氧化锆 ZrO(OH)2 耐火材料、稳定ZrO2的原料，除臭剂，吸附剂 乙酸锆 Zr(CH3COO)4 纤维用永久防水剂，各种纤维原料，催化剂
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