Development of geothermal energy industry in Türkiye and its enlightenment to China
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摘要:
研究目的 地热能作为一种清洁高效的可再生能源，在能源紧缺与气候变化的双重驱动下，正逐渐受到各国重视。开发地热资源，成为加快能源结构调整以及“双碳”目标实现的重要途径。近年来，土耳其地热能产业高速发展，截至2021年，地热发电总装机容量约为中国的30多倍，地热能直接利用则由2005年的1177 MW增加到2022年的4000 MW，取得了举世瞩目的成绩。土耳其与中国共处于地中海—喜马拉雅地热带上，地热资源丰富，土耳其地热能产业发展对于中国具有重要借鉴意义。
研究方法 本文采用文献综述的方法，分析土耳其地热资源条件，研究地热能产业发展现状，总结其快速发展的原因。结合中国地热资源条件与发展现状，借鉴土耳其经验，剖析影响中国地热发展的主要问题，提出对策与建议。
研究结果 研究表明，21世纪以来，土耳其政府大力支持地热能产业发展，其快速发展的原因和主要经验有：（1）政府承担前期勘探工作，有效降低企业开发风险；（2）政策引导、立法补贴，有效提高开发企业积极性，降低投资成本；（3）融资支持，为地热能发展提供资金保障；（4）国际合作、技术引领，有力促进地热能高效开发利用。
结论 借鉴土耳其地热能产业快速发展经验，结合中国实际，提出以下建议：（1）立法先行，完善管理机制，明确地热开发利用规程；（2）政策激励、补贴支持，充分调动企业积极性；（3）科学布局，实现地热产业高效发展；（4）加强国际交流，助力技术进步；（5）增强公众意识，提高地热能认知度。
Abstract:This paper is the result of geothermal geological survey engineering.
Objective Geothermal energy, as a kind of clean and efficient renewable energy, is gradually attracting the attention of all countries under the dual drive of energy shortage and climate change. The development of geothermal resources has become an important way to accelerate the adjustment of energy structure and achieve the goal of "double carbon". In recent years, Türkiye's geothermal energy industry has developed at a high speed. By 2021, the total installed capacity of geothermal power generation will be about 30 times that of China, and the direct utilization of geothermal energy will increase from 1177 MW in 2005 to 4000 MW in 2022, making these remarkable achievements. Türkiye and China are both located in the Mediterranean Himalayan geotropics, where geothermal resources are abundant. The development of Türkiye's geothermal energy industry is of great significance to China.
Method This paper uses the method of literature review to analyze the conditions of geothermal resources in Türkiye, study the development status of geothermal energy industry, and summarize the reasons for its rapid development. Combined with the conditions and development status of China's geothermal resources, and drawing on Türkiye's experience, this paper analyzes the main problems affecting China's geothermal development, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions.
Results The research shows that Türkiye's government has vigorously supported the development of geothermal energy industry since the 21st century. The reasons and main experiences of its rapid development include: (1) The government undertakes the preliminary exploration work, effectively reducing the development risk of enterprises; (2) Policy guidance and legislative subsidies can effectively improve the enthusiasm of development enterprises and reduce investment costs; (3) Financing support to provide financial guarantee for geothermal energy development; (4) International cooperation and technology guidance will effectively promote the efficient development and utilization of geothermal energy.
Conclusion Drawing on the rapid development experience of Türkiye's geothermal energy industry and combining with China's actural conditions, the following suggestions are put forward: (1) Improve geothermal energy management mechanism and define the process of geothermal development and utilization; (2) Effectively improve the enthusiasm of enterprises development and reduce investment costs through policy guidance and subsidies; (3) Realize efficient development of geothermal industry through reasonable spatial planning; (4) Strengthen international exchanges and help technological progress; (5) Improve social awareness of geothermal energy.
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图 3 土耳其断裂活动带以及地热资源分布（据Dagistan et al., 2010）
Figure 3.
图 4 土耳其国家地热发电装机容量（据Bertani, 2005, 2016; Richter, 2022）
Figure 4.
图 5 按工厂类型每年增加的地热发电装机容量（Serpen and DiPippo, 2022）
Figure 5.
表 1 2010—2019年土耳其用于地热能利用的钻井（包含热泵井）（据 Mertoglu et al., 2015；Mertoglu et al., 2020）
Table 1. Drilling for geothermal energy utilization in Türkiye (including heat pump wells)(after Mertoglu et al., 2015; Mertoglu et al., 2020)
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表 2 土耳其地热开发利用投资情况（据 Mertoglu et al., 2015）
Table 2. Investment in geothermal development and utilization in Türkiye (after Mertoglu et al., 2015)
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表 3 中国地热发电情况（据王贵玲和陆川，2022）
Table 3. Geothermal Power Generation in China (after Wang Guiling and Lu Chuan, 2022)
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表 4 2010—2019年间中国与土耳其地热开发利用投资对比（据Mertoglu et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2020）
Table 4. Comparison of geothermal development and utilization investment between China and Türkiye from 2010 to 2019 (after Mertoglu et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2020)
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