Ecological vulnerability assessment of Oroqen Region in the Inner Mongolia based on SRP model
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摘要:
研究目的 随着社会经济发展和城镇化率不断提高，当前人类赖以生存的生态环境不断遭受破坏，生态脆弱性日益严峻，生态脆弱性评价已成为了诸多专家学者研究的热点。鄂伦春地区从20世纪产业结构从狩猎业转变为农牧业以来，当地生态环境面临脆弱化的风险。本文通过对鄂伦春地区3期生态脆弱性评价，以期为当地生态环境保护和可持续发展提供科学依据。
研究方法 以内蒙古鄂伦春地区为研究区，基于SRP模型，选取生态恢复力、生态压力度和生态敏感性等3种类型14项指标，利用GIS空间主成分分析（SPCA）和地理探测器（GeoDetector）对鄂伦春地区2000、2010、2020年3期生态脆弱性空间分布、时空演变和驱动因子进行分析。
研究结果 （1）鄂伦春地区生态脆弱性整体为良好—轻度脆弱状态，一般性脆弱区在3年的分布面积大致相当，中度和重度脆弱区主要分布在阿里河镇南部、乌鲁布铁镇南部、大杨树镇和古里乡，生态环境总体呈现恶化趋势。（2）鄂伦春地区生态脆弱性在2000—2010年间生态环境呈向良好发展趋势，在2010—2020年间生态环境遭受较大破坏，生态脆弱性明显增加，2020年首次出现重度生态脆弱区面积达111.72 km2，占研究区面积的0.51%，生态环境形式严峻。（3）鄂伦春地区生态脆弱性空间分布主要受生物丰度(D2)、景观多样性指数(D3)、高程(D5)、人口密度(D13)等因素影响，在2020年影响因子呈现更加多元化，蔓延度指数(D4)和年均降水量(D12)两个指标对当地生态脆弱性有较强的驱动作用，q值分别为0.737和0.568。
结论 鄂伦春地区2000、2010、2020年3期生态脆弱性总体呈现西北部低、东南部高的显著特征，在2000—2010年间生态环境向良好发展，在2010—2020年间生态环境呈恶化趋势，鄂伦春地区生态脆弱性受人为活动和自然因素共同驱动导致。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
Objective With the continuous increase in socio−economic development and the urbanization rate, the ecological environment that supports mankind’s survival has been damaged and ecological vulnerability has become more serious. Therefore, ecological vulnerability evaluation has become a hot research topic. Since the industrial structure of the Oroqen Region changed from hunting to farming and livestock in the 20th century, the local ecological environment has been threatened and is likely to be vulnerable to further threats. Consequently, in this paper, the ecological vulnerability of the Oroqen Region was evaluated in three phases to provide a scientific basis for environmental protection and sustainable development.
Methods The Oroqen Region in Inner Mongolia was selected as the study area, and 14 indicators were selected based on the SRP model, which were categorized into three types, namely ecological resilience, ecological sensitivity, and ecological stress. Then, Geographic Information System Spatial Principal Component Analysis (SPCA) and GeoDetector were used to analyze the spatial distribution, spatial and temporal evolution, and driving factors of ecological vulnerability in the Oroqen Region in 2000, 2010, and 2020.
Results (1) The overall ecological vulnerability of the Oroqen Region was a good-mild fragile state, the distribution area of the general fragile area remained stable for about three years, the moderately and severely fragile areas were mainly distributed in the south of Alihe, the south of Ulubuti, Dayangshu, and Guli, and there was an overall research deterioration trend. (2) The ecological vulnerability trend of the Oroqen Region was positive from 2000 to 2010, and the ecological vulnerability increased significantly from 2010 to 2020 when the ecological environment was damaged. Moreover, the area of severe ecological vulnerability that appeared for the first time in 2020 was 111.72 km2, accounting for 0.51% of the study area. (3) The spatial distribution of the ecological vulnerability in the Oroqen area was mainly influenced by the biological abundance (D2), landscape diversity index (D3), elevation (D5), population density (D13), and other factors, and the influencing factors were more diverse in 2020. Furthermore, the two indicators SRPeading index (D4) and average annual precipitation (D12) had a strong driving effect on the local ecological vulnerability.
Conclusions The ecological vulnerability of the Oroqen Region was low in the northwest and high in the southeast in 2000, 2010, and 2020, and the ecological environment became less vulnerable from 2000 to 2010 and deteriorated from 2010 to 2020. This was due to the continuous change in the natural conditions and the long−term influence of human activities. The ecological environment of the Oroqen Region is deteriorating in general.
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表 1 土地利用类型和土壤类型赋值分级标准
Table 1. Grading standards for assignment of land use types and soil types
赋值标准 2 4 6 8 10 土地利用类型 林地、水域 草地 耕地 建设用地 裸地 土壤类型 暗棕壤 沼泽土 棕色针叶林土 草甸土 黑土 
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表 2 鄂伦春地区生态脆弱性分级标准
Table 2. Grading standards for ecological vulnerability in Oroqen Region
脆弱性分类 脆弱性等级 脆弱性分级标准 生态特征 生态良好区 Ⅰ ＜0.07 生态功能完善，抗外界能力和自我恢复能力强，生态脆弱性低 轻度脆弱区 Ⅱ 0.07~0.21 生态功能较完善，抗外界能力和自我恢复能力较强，生态脆弱性较低 一般脆弱区 Ⅲ 0.21~0.40 生态功能一般，抗外界能力和自我恢复能力较弱，生态脆弱性较高 中度脆弱区 Ⅳ 0.40~0.69 生态功能出现缺陷，抗外界能力和自我恢复能力弱，生态脆弱性高 重度脆弱区 Ⅴ ＞0.69 生态功能严重退化，抗外界能力和自我恢复能力差，生态脆弱性极高
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表 3 各年度主成分分析结果
Table 3. Results of principal component analysis in each year
年份 主成分 PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 2000 特征值 $ \lambda $ 0.103 0.046 0.021 0.014 0.012 贡献率 $ A $ /%45.148 20.082 9.162 6.297 5.431 累积贡献率/% 45.148 65.230 74.392 80.688 86.119 2010 特征值 $ \lambda $ 0.095 0.043 0.025 0.017 0.014 贡献率 $ A $ /%41.948 19.108 11.182 7.448 6.143 累积贡献率/% 41.948 61.056 72.238 79.686 85.829 2020 特征值 $ \lambda $ 0.115 0.050 0.033 0.023 0.017 贡献率 $ A $ /%43.046 18.758 12.253 8.527 6.464 累积贡献率/% 43.046 61.804 74.057 82.584 89.048
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表 4 鄂伦春地区生态脆弱性空间分布驱动因子探测q值统计
Table 4. Detection q value statistics of spatial distribution driving factors of ecological vulnerability in Oroqen Region
驱动因子 q值 2000 2010 2020 归一化植被指数NDVI(D1) 0.199* 0.264* 0.260* 生物丰度(D2) 0.564* 0.586* 0.672* 景观多样性指数(D3) 0.682* 0.716* 0.742* 蔓延度指数(D4) 0.343* 0.404* 0.737* 高程(D5) 0.651* 0.700* 0.712* 坡度(D6) 0.085* 0.075* 0.075* 地形起伏度(D7) 0.217* 0.202* 0.200* 水土流失率(D8) 0.064* 0.060* 0.060* 土地利用类型(D9) 0.380* 0.410* 0.378* 土壤类型(D10) 0.370* 0.400* 0.354* 年均气温(D11) 0.432* 0.516* 0.484* 年均降水量(D12) 0.221* 0.243* 0.568* 人口密度(D13) 0.659* 0.671* 0.583* 人均GDP(D14) 0.420* 0.328* 0.085* 注：*表示通过0.05的显著性检验。
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