Ecological health risk assessment of soil heavy metals in Wuyuan County, Inner Mongolia
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摘要:
研究目的 五原县位于河套平原，为查明该地区农田土壤重金属污染状况，系统采集了表层土壤样品1985件，农作物样品30件，饮用水样品5件，分析测定As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn 8种重金属元素含量。
研究方法 通过地累积指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和健康风险评估模型，对该区土壤、农作物及饮用水中的重金属污染程度和健康风险等进行评估。
研究结果 内梅罗综合污染指数评价该地区土壤尚清洁，局部地区存在As元素轻污染；人体健康风险评估显示，在口和皮肤多重摄入途径下，土壤会对居民造成致癌风险（9.97×10−6），饮用水摄入As（1.62）对居民有一定的健康风险。
结论 Hg受人为影响较大，在临近五原县环城公路三叉口存在明显的强异常，其余元素主要受成土母质控制，As在建丰农场等地局部含量较高，超出风险筛选值。As 在饮用水健康风险中贡献最大，应引起关注。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmetal geological survey engineering.
Objective Wuyuan County is located in the Hetao Plain. To find out the heavy metal pollution status of the farmland soil in Wuyuan County, 1985 surface soil samples, 30 crop samples, and 5 drinking water samples were collected, and the contents of eight heavy metal elements, such As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analyzed and determined.
Methods The heavy metal pollution degree and health risks of the soil, crops, and drinking water were evaluated using the soil accumulation index and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index methods and a health risk assessment model.
Results The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index showed that the soil in this area was still largely unpolluted, and there was only light pollution of As in some areas. According to the human health risk assessment, ingestion of soil through the mouth or skin is a carcinogenic risk to residents (9.97×10−6), and ingestion of As in drinking water is a certain health risk to residents (1.62).
Conclusion Hg is greatly influenced by humans, and there were obvious strong anomalies in Sankou near the Ring Road in Wuyuan County. The other elements were mainly controlled by the parent material. The local content of As was high in Jianfeng Farm and other places, which exceeded the risk screening value. Thus, As contributed the most to the drinking water health risk and should be a cause for concern.
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Key words:
- soil /
- heavy metal /
- health risks /
- environmetal geological survey engineering /
- Wuyuan County /
- Inner Mongolia
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表 1 单项污染指数与内梅罗综合指数分级标准
Table 1. Evaluation standard of single factor pollution index and Nemerow comprehensive index
等级划分 单项污染指数分级标准 污染指数 内梅罗综合指数分级标准 污染指数 污染水平 污染等级 污染水平 Ι Pi < 1.0 清洁 PI < 0.7 安全 清洁 ΙΙ 1.0 ≤ Pi < 2.0 轻污染 0.7 ≤ PI < 1 警戒线 尚清洁 ΙΙΙ 2.0 ≤ Pi < 3.0 中污染 1 ≤ PI < 2 轻污染 农田土壤开始受到污染 ΙV Pi ≥ 3.0 重污染 2 ≤ PI < 3 中污染 农田土壤已受中度污染 PI ≥ 3 重污染 农田土壤已受重度污染 
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表 2 健康风险评价模型暴露因子参数
Table 2. Exposure factor parameters of health risk assessment mode
符号 参数 单位 参考值 $ {{\mathrm{OISER}}}_{\mathrm{n}} $ 非致癌（致癌）效应下经口摄入土壤暴露量 - - $ {{\mathrm{PISER}}}_{\mathrm{n}} $ 非致癌（致癌）效应下吸入土壤颗粒暴露量 - - $ {{\mathrm{DCSER}}}_{\mathrm{n}} $ 非致癌（致癌）效应下皮肤接触土壤暴露量 - - $ {\mathrm{OISR}} $ 每日摄入土壤量 mg/d 100Ⅰ $ \text{E}{{\mathrm{D}}}_{s} $ 暴露时长 a 25Ⅰ $ \text{E}{{\mathrm{F}}}_{s} $ 暴露频率 d/a 250Ⅰ $ {\text{ABS}}_{0} $ 经口摄入吸收效率因子 无量纲 1Ⅰ BW 平均体重 kg 61.8Ⅰ $ {\text{AT}}_{\mathrm{n}} $ 非致癌（致癌）效应平均时长 d 27740Ⅰ（致癌）9125Ⅰ（非致癌） $ {\mathrm{DAIR}} $ 每日空气呼吸量 m3/d 14.5Ⅰ $ {{\mathrm{PM}}}_{10} $ 空气中可吸入悬浮颗粒物总量 mg/m3 0.119I PIAF 吸入土壤颗粒物在体内滞留比例 无量纲 0.75Ⅰ $ {\mathrm{fspi}} $ 室内空气中来自土壤的颗粒物所占比例 无量纲 0.8Ⅰ EFI 室内暴露频率 d/a 187.5Ⅰ $ {\mathrm{fspo}} $ 室外空气中来自土壤的颗粒物所占比例 无量纲 0.5Ⅰ EFO 室外暴露频率 d/a 62.5Ⅰ $ \text{SAE} $ 皮肤暴露面积 cm2 3033II $ \text{SSAR} $ 皮肤表面土壤黏附系数 mg/cm2 0.2Ⅰ $ {{\mathrm{ABS}}}_{\mathrm{d}} $ 皮肤接触吸收效率子 无量纲 0.001Ⅰ（镉）0.03Ⅰ（As） E 每日皮肤接触事件频率 次/d 1Ⅰ 注：Ⅰ为引用自《建设用地土壤污染风险评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3–2019）；Ⅱ为根据《建设用地土壤污染风险评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3–2019）计算得出。
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表 3 土壤重金属不同暴露途径的RfD和SF
Table 3. RfD and SF values for different types of exposure of heavy metals in soil
重金属元素 参考剂量/(mg/(kg·d)) 致癌斜率因子/((kg·d)/mg) $ {{\mathrm{RfD}}}_{0} $ 数据
来源$ {{\mathrm{RfD}}}_{\mathrm{i}} $ 数据
来源$ {{\mathrm{RfD}}}_{\mathrm{d}} $ 数据
来源$ {{\mathrm{SF}}}_{0} $ 数据
来源$ {{\mathrm{SF}}}_{\mathrm{i}} $ 数据
来源$ {{\mathrm{SF}}}_{\mathrm{d}} $ 数据
来源As 3.00×10−4 I 3.52×10−6 II 3.00×10−4 II 1.50 I 1.83×10−2 II 1.50 II Cd 1.00×10−3 I 2.35×10−6 II 2.50×10−5 II 7.06 II Cr 3.00×10−3 I 2.35×10−5 7.50×10−2 II 4.71×10−2 II Cu 4.00×10−2 I 4.00×10−2 II Hg 3.00×10−4 I 7.04×10−5 II 2.10×10−5 II Ni 2.00×10−2 I 2.11×10−5 II 8.00×10−4 II 1.11 II Zn 3.00×10−1 I 3.00×10−1 II 注：I为直接引用自《建设用地土壤污染风险评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3–2019）；II为根据《建设用地土壤污染风险评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3–2019）中外推公式引用I计算得出。
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表 4 土壤重金属致癌风险的分级标准
Table 4. Classification criteria for carcinogenic risk of heavy metals in soil
等级 CR 致癌风险 1 CR ≤ 10−6 无风险 2 10−6 < CR ≤ 10−5 低风险，可接受 3 10−5 < CR ≤ 10−4 中风险，可接受 4 CR > 10−4 有，不可接受
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表 5 表层土壤重金属元素参数统计（n=1985）
Table 5. Statistics of heavy metal elements in topsoil (n=1985)
元素 量纲 最大值 最小值 平均值 标准差 Cv/% 富集系数 Xb河套平原 Cd mg/kg 0.3 0.07 0.16 0.04 0.22 1.33 0.12 Pb mg/kg 33.7 14.12 21.29 3.11 0.15 1.13 18.76 Cr mg/kg 97.1 40.27 75.58 9.34 0.12 1.35 56 Cu mg/kg 40.9 10.31 26.12 5.08 0.19 1.36 19.2 Zn mg/kg 122.2 32.66 73.79 12.35 0.17 1.32 55.7 Ni mg/kg 87.6 15.07 31.68 5.26 0.17 1.27 25 As mg/kg 27.0 6.06 15.20 2.94 0.19 1.57 9.68 Hg ng/g 523.0 8.24 24.60 14.81 0.60 0.99 24.9 pH 无量纲 10.5 6.85 8.89 0.32 0.04 - 8.69 注：Xb河套平原代表河套平原背景值。
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表 6 基于风险筛选值的超标情况
Table 6. Exceedance based on risk-screening values
pH值范围 样数 Cd
筛选值超标数 Pb
筛选值超标数 Cr
筛选值超标数 Cu
筛选值超标数 Zn
筛选值超标数 Ni
筛选值超标数 As
筛选值超标数 Hg
筛选值超标数 6.5~7.5 1 0.3 0 120 0 200 0 100 0 250 0 100 0 25 0 0.6 0 ≥7.5 1984 0.6 0 170 0 250 0 100 0 300 0 190 0 20 111 1 0 合计 1985 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 0 超标率% 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.6 0 注：8种元素筛选值的质量分数单位为mg/kg。
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表 7 土壤重金属主成分分析结果
Table 7. Result of principal component analysis of heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples
重金属 主成分 1 2 3 特征值 6.208 0.955 0.307 贡献率/% 77.602 11.935 3.837 累积贡献率/% 77.602 89.536 93.373 Cd 0.867 0.016 0.473 Cr 0.947 −0.046 −0.150 Cu 0.971 −0.050 0.017 Hg 0.237 0.971 −0.028 Ni 0.937 −0.053 −0.143 Pb 0.945 −0.034 0.094 Zn 0.958 −0.039 −0.108
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表 8 土壤重金属地累积指数分级
Table 8. Accumulation index classification of soil heavy metal
元素 值域 均值 分级样本数/件 污染点数占比/% 无污染
（$ \le $ 0）轻污染
(0~1)中污染
(1~2)中—重污染
(2~3)重污染
(3~4)Cd −1.32~5.70 −6.59 1592 393 0 0 0 19.80 Pb −1.47~0.21 −0.89 1982 3 0 0 0 0.15 Cr −1.18~0.28 −0.29 1599 386 0 0 0 19.45 Cu −0.17~9.27 8.59 1356 629 0 0 0 31.69 Zn −1.76~0.13 −0.61 1497 488 0 0 0 24.58 Ni −1.42~1.12 −0.37 1703 281 1 0 0 14.21 As −1.46~0.68 −0.17 855 1130 0 0 0 56.93 Hg −3.56~2.42 −2.06 1933 47 3 0 2 2.62
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表 9 内梅罗综合污染指数法评价结果
Table 9. Evaluation results of Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method
元素 单因子污染指数Pi 内梅罗综合污染指数PI 最小值 最大值 平均值 中位数 Cd 0.12 0.50 0.27 0.27 0.40 Pb 0.08 0.20 0.13 0.12 0.17 Cr 0.16 0.39 0.30 0.30 0.348 Cu 0.10 0.41 0.26 0.26 0.343 Zn 0.11 0.41 0.25 0.25 0.336 Ni 0.08 0.46 0.17 0.17 0.347 As 0.24 1.08 0.61 0.60 0.88 Hg 0.01 0.52 0.02 0.02 0.11
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表 10 土壤重金属非致癌健康风险指数（HQ/10−4）
Table 10. Non-carcinogenic health risk index of heavy metal in the soil (HQ/10−4)
重金属 $ {{{\mathrm{HQ}}}_{{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{n}}}} $ ${{\mathrm{HQ}}}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{s}_{\mathrm{n}} }$ $ {{{\mathrm{HQ}}}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}_{\mathrm{n}}} }$ HQ As 最大值 1994.95 363.04 1595.23 3953.22 平均值 1123.64 204.40 898.15 1553.26 Cd 最大值 6.61 1.60 26.37 34.58 平均值 3.64 0.88 14.55 19.07 Cr 最大值 717.44 — 859.32 1576.76 平均值 558.57 — 668.94 1227.51 Cu 最大值 22.66 — — 22.66 平均值 14.48 — — 14.48 Hg 最大值 38.64 — 1.55 40.19 平均值 1.84 — 0.07 1.91 Ni 最大值 97.09 — 863.42 960.51 平均值 35.15 — 312.31 347.46 Zn 最大值 9.03 — — 9.03 平均值 5.45 — — 5.45 HI 最大值 2886.42 364.64 3345.89 6596.95 平均值 1069.84 205.28 1894.02 3169.14 注： $ {{{\mathrm{HQ}}}_{{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{n}}}} $ 、$ {{{\mathrm{HQ}}}_{{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{n}}}} $ 、$ {{{\mathrm{HQ}}}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}_{\mathrm{n}}}} $ 分别为经口摄入、皮肤接触、吸入土壤颗粒途径的危害商。
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表 11 土壤重金属致癌健康风险指数（CR/10−8）
Table 11. Carcinogenic health risk index of heavy metal in the soil (CR/10−8)
重金属 $ {{{\mathrm{CR}}}_{{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{n}}}} $ $ {{{\mathrm{CR}}}_{{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{n}}}} $ $ {{{\mathrm{CR}}}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}_{\mathrm{n}}}} $ CR As 最大值 1476.52 268.70 0.17 1745.39 平均值 831.64 151.28 0.10 983.02 Cd 最大值 — — 0.72 0.72 平均值 — — 0.40 0.40 Cr 最大值 — — 1.56 1.56 平均值 — — 1.22 1.22 Ni 最大值 — — 33.26 33.26 平均值 — — 12.03 12.03 CR 最大值 1361.68 268.70 35.71 1780.93 平均值 471.67 151.28 13.75 996.67
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表 12 农作物及饮用水重金属非致癌健康风险指数（HQ/10−4）
Table 12. Non−carcinogenic health risk index of heavy metal in crops and drinking water (HQ/10−4)
重金属 $ {{\mathrm{HQ}}}_{谷物} $ $ {{\mathrm{HQ}}}_{饮用水} $ As 最大值 — 42369.90 平均值 — 16200.31 Cd 最大值 — — 平均值 — — Cr 最大值 5265.05 — 平均值 2231.86 — Cu 最大值 3117.81 24.84 平均值 1989.01 11.88 Hg 最大值 — — 平均值 — — Ni 最大值 2538.92 57.63 平均值 1311.50 19.11 Zn 最大值 4162.44 145.26 平均值 3381.40 35.03 HI 最大值 15084.22 42597.63 平均值 8913.77 16266.33
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