Health risk assessment of heavy metals in typical oats production region of Bashang area in Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province
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摘要:
研究目的 为研究张家口坝上地区典型粮食作物莜麦产区重金属元素健康风险，以张北县莜麦农田为研究对象，系统采集莜麦籽实及其根系土、地下水和大气沉降样品，分析重金属元素对人体健康风险。
研究方法 采用致癌和非致癌健康风险模型评价研究区地下水、大气沉降和土壤重金属的人体健康风险，采用单一目标危害商数与综合目标危害商数评价研究区莜麦籽实重金属含量的人体健康风险。
研究结果 研究区地下水中致癌风险元素Cr、非致癌元素Pb和Cu存在一定的健康风险，Pb元素是造成地下水重金属健康风险的主导因素；区内大气重金属不存在非致癌健康风险，Cr、As和Ni元素存在一定的致癌风险；研究区莜麦根系土壤对人体健康尚不存在致癌和非致癌风险，部分莜麦籽实样品显示有一定的人体健康风险，其中Cu、Zn、Ni元素在儿童中目标危害商数均大于1，重金属中单一目标危害商数与综合目标危害商数均是儿童大于成人。
结论 通过对张家口坝上典型莜麦产区的重金属元素进行综合健康风险评价，区内重金属元素对人体有的健康风险较小，但需要关注对儿童健康的影响，并对部分重金属元素风险进行监测。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
Objective With the purpose of evaluating health risk of heavy metals in the typical Oats Production Region of Bashang area in Zhangjiakou, oats fields in Zhangbei County were selected as the research site, and atmospheric dry and wet depositions, groundwater samples, topsoils and oats point-to-point samples were systematically collected to determine health risk of heavy metals.
Methods Health risk assessment mode were used to evaluate non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of topsoils, air depositions and groundwater samples, single target hazard quotient (THQ) and comprehensive target hazard quotient (TTHQ) were used to assess the health risk of heavy metals in oats to human health.
Results The result showed that carcinogenic element Cr, and non-carcinogenic elements Pb and Cu in the groundwater of study area pose health risks, with Pb being the major factor contributing to the health risk of heavy metals in groundwater. There was no non-carcinogenic health risk of heavy metals found in the atmosphere. Among the carcinogenic elements, Cr, As and Ni posed certain carcinogenic risk. There was no carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals in the soil samples of the study area; Cu, Zn and Ni in some oats seed samples exhibited health risks to both adults and children, with mean values of THQ for children being higher than 1, and THQ and TTHQ risk values were both higher in children than adults.
Conclusions Through the comprehensive health risk assessment of heavy metals in typical oats production region of Bashang area in Zhangjiakou, it was found that heavy metals in this area pose relatively little health risks to humans, but attention needs to be paid to their impact on children’s health, and some heavy metals need to be monitored for risk.
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Key words:
- heavy metal /
- oats /
- seed /
- ground water /
- geochemistry /
- health risk assessment /
- Zhangbei County /
- Hebei Province /
- environmental geological survey engineering
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表 1 元素分析方法及检出限
Table 1. Analysis methods and detection limits
分析项目 分析方法 检出限/(mg/kg) As 氢化物−原子荧光光谱法(HG−AFS) 0.23 Cd 电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP−MS) 0.01 Cr 电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP−MS) 0.13 Cu 电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP−MS) 1.00 Hg 氢化物−原子荧光光谱法(HG−AFS) 0.05 Ni 电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP−MS) 0.05 Pb 电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP−MS) 0.05 Zn 电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP−MS) 4.00 
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表 2 重金属健康风险暴露参数
Table 2. Parameters of health risk assessment of soil heavy metals
参数名称 符号 成人参考值 儿童参考值 单位 每日空气
呼吸量IRinh 14.5 7.5 m3/d 暴露皮肤
表面积SA 5373.99 2848.01 cm2 皮肤黏附系数 AF 0.07 0.2 mg/(cm2·d) 皮肤吸收因子 ABS As 0.03；Cd 0.001；
Cr 0.001；Cu 0.06；
Hg 0.05；Ni 0.001；
Pb 0.006；Zn 0.02；— 无量纲 地表灰尘
排放因子PEF 1.36×109 1.36×109 m3/kg 暴露频率 EF 350 350 d/a 暴露年限 ED 24 6 a 平均体重 BW 61.8 19.2 kg 平均暴露时间 AT 致癌 27740
非致癌9125致癌 27740
非致癌9125d
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表 3 重金属不同暴露途径参考计量及致癌斜率因子
Table 3. Reference dose and carcinogenic slope factor of heavy metals in the different exposed ways
重金属 参考计量RfD/(mg/(kg·d)) 致癌斜率因子SF /((kg·d)/mg) 经口摄入 皮肤接触 呼吸吸入（成人） 呼吸吸入（儿童） 经口摄入 皮肤接触 呼吸吸入 As 3.0×10−4 3.0×10−4 3.52×10−6 5.86×10−6 1.5 1.5 4.3×10−3（土壤）/15.1（大气） Cd 1.0×10−3 2.5×10−5 2.35×10−6 3.91×10−6 6.1 6.1 6.30（大气） Cr 3.0×10−3 7.5×10−5 2.35×10−5 3.91×10−6 — — 42（大气） Cu 4.0×10−2 4.0×10−2 4.0×10−2 4.0×10−2 — — — Hg 3.0×10−4 2.1×10−5 7.04×10−5 1.27×10−5 — — — Ni 2.0×10−2 8.0×10−4 2.11×10−5 3.52×10−5 — — 0.84（大气） Pb 3.5×10−3 5.3×10−4 8.21×10−5 1.37×10−4 — — — Zn 3.0×10−1 3.0×10−1 3.0×10−1 3.0×10−1 — — —
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表 4 研究区大气干沉降重金属儿童与成人暴露剂量
Table 4. Children and adults exposure doses of study area in bulk air depositions
暴露途径/(mg/(kg·d)) As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn ADDinh 成人 1.60×10−9 8.24×10−11 2.21×10−8 5.45×10−9 7.77×10−12 5.51×10−9 5.96×10−9 2.46×10−8 儿童 6.67×10−10 3.43×10−11 9.20×10−9 2.27×10−9 3.23×10−12 2.30×10−9 2.48×10−9 1.02×10−8 LADDinh 1.79×10−5 9.21×10−6 2.47×10−4 — — 6.17×10−5 — —
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表 5 研究区大气沉降重金属健康风险指数
Table 5. Health risk index of heavy metals in study area
项目 暴露途径/(mg/(kg·d)) As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn HI 呼吸摄入 成人 3.23×10−1 6.64×10−3 5.94×10−1 1.65×10−2 3.73×10−2 1.39×10−2 1.36×10−1 3.31×10−3 儿童 4.28×10−2 8.80×10−3 7.87×10−2 2.18×10−3 4.94×10−3 1.84×10−3 1.80×10−2 4.38×10−4 CR 1.08×10−3 2.32×10−5 4.15×10−2 — — 2.07×10−4 — —
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表 6 土壤重金属非致癌平均日暴露量 (mg/(kg·d))
Table 6. Non-carcinogenic average daily exposure doses for soil heavy metal (mg/(kg·d))
重金属 成人 儿童 ADDiing ADDiinh ADDiderm ADDadult ADDiing ADDiinh ADDiderm ADDchild As 2.62×10−5 1.52×10−9 4.63×10−6 3.09×10−5 1.01×10−5 1.07×10−9 1.14×10−6 1.12×10−5 Cd 3.32×10−7 1.92×10−11 1.95×10−8 3.52×10−7 1.27×10−7 1.36×10−11 4.79×10−9 1.32×10−7 Cr 1.36×10−4 7.87×10−9 7.99×10−7 1.37×10−4 5.21×10−5 5.56×10−9 1.96×10−7 5.23×10−5 Cu 4.51×10−5 2.61×10−9 1.59×10−5 6.10×10−5 1.73×10−5 1.84×10−9 3.90×10−6 2.12×10−5 Hg 7.09×10−8 4.10×10−12 2.08×10−8 9.18×10−8 2.72×10−8 2.90×10−12 5.11×10−9 3.23×10−8 Ni 5.85×10−5 3.38×10−9 3.44×10−7 5.88×10−5 2.24×10−5 2.39×10−9 8.43×10−8 2.25×10−5 Pb 7.53×10−5 4.36×10−9 2.66×10−6 7.80×10−5 2.89×10−5 3.08×10−9 6.51×10−7 2.95×10−5 Zn 1.42×10−4 8.20×10−9 1.67×10−5 1.58×10−4 5.43×10−5 5.79×10−9 4.09×10−6 5.84×10−5 ADD 4.83×10−4 2.80×10−8 4.10×10−5 5.24×10−4 1.85×10−4 1.97×10−8 1.01×10−5 1.95×10−4
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表 7 研究区莜麦籽实单一与综合目标危害商数
Table 7. Harm quotient of single and comprehensive target of Oats in study area
项目 元素 人群 最大值 最小值 均值 ＞1占比 单一目标危害商数（THQ） As 成人 0.87 0.08 0.27 0 儿童 2.16 0.20 0.68 18.60% Cd 成人 0.06 0.01 0.03 0 儿童 0.16 0.03 0.07 0 Cr 成人 0.12 0.12 0.12 0 儿童 0.30 0.30 0.30 0 Cu 成人 0.86 0.29 0.55 0 儿童 2.13 0.72 1.36 90.70% Hg 成人 0.04 0.02 0.03 0 儿童 0.10 0.05 0.07 0 Ni 成人 2.12 0.26 0.61 11.63% 儿童 5.27 0.65 1.51 67.44% Pb 成人 0.17 0.03 0.07 0 儿童 0.43 0.09 0.18 0 Zn 成人 0.63 0.24 0.42 0 儿童 1.57 0.60 1.03 58.14% 单一目标危害商数（TTHQ） 成人 4.24 1.12 1.90 100% 儿童 10.54 2.77 4.72 100%
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