Distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soils in the Yuanzhou District of Guyuan City, Ningxia
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摘要:
研究目的 通过研究宁夏固原市原州区表层土壤重金属含量及空间分布特征，对该地区进行生态风险评价，明确原州区表层土壤重金属累积情况。
研究方法 系统采集了研究区表层土壤样品12988件，获取了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属含量，采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行土壤重金属生态风险评价。
研究结果 与宁夏自治区表层土壤元素背景值相比，原州区表层土壤8种重金属富集系数分别为As（1.01）、Cd（1.42）、Cr（1.04）、Cu（0.99）、Hg（1.03）、Ni（0.81）、Pb（1.01）和Zn（1.07）。土壤中8种重金属空间分布特征相似，高值区主要分布在六盘山东西两侧、固原市区、张易镇和黄铎堡镇等人类活动频繁区域，在东北部第四纪黄土覆盖区的炭山乡、寨科乡土壤重金属富集程度较低。单因子指数法评价结果显示，原州区土壤整体清洁，无污染。内梅罗综合污染指数法分析结果显示，土壤各重金属元素污染指数均小于0.7，属清洁水平，污染风险等级为安全。潜在生态危害指数法分析结果显示，Cd和Hg单元素潜在危害指数达到中等风险水平，重金属综合潜在生态危害指数为轻微风险。
结论 固原市原州区土壤重金属生态风险较低，受人类活动影响的区域，表层土壤重金属存在轻微富集。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
Objective This study investigated the contents and spatial distributions of heavy metals in surface soils in Yuanzhou District, Guyuan City, Ningxia, evaluating heavy metal accumulation and its associated ecological risk.
Methods A total of 12988 soil samples were collected and the levels of eight heavy metals, namely, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn, were measured. The single−factor index, Nemerow comprehensive pollution index, and potential ecological hazard index were used to estimate the ecological risks associated with heavy metal contamination in soils.
Results Compared to the background values of the Ningxia Autonomous Region, the average enrichment coefficients of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn were 1.01, 1.42, 1.04, 0.99, 1.03, 0.81, 1.01, and 1.07, respectively. Similar distributions of the eight heavy metals, with high concentrations, were observed in areas characterized by high human activity, such as the east and west sides of Liupan Mountain, as well as Guyuan City, Zhangyi Town, and Huangduobao Town. In contrast, low concentrations were observed in Tanshan Township and Zhaike Township in the northeast Quaternary areas with loess−covered soil. Single−factor index evaluation revealed that the soil was "clean" in the Yuanzhou area. Evaluation using the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index indicated that the soil pollution index of all heavy metals was less than 0.7, which is considered "clean." While the single−element potential hazard index of Cd and Hg showed a level of moderate risk, the comprehensive potential ecological hazard index of the heavy metals showed slight risk levels.
Conclusions The soil quality in Yuanzhou District, Guyuan City, is in good condition, although slight enrichment of heavy metals was seen in the topsoil due to human activities in some areas.
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表 1 实验室元素分析测试方法
Table 1. Laboratory elemental analysis and testing methods
元素 实验室分析方法 Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr 粉末压片–X射线荧光光谱法（XRF） Cd 石墨炉原子吸收光谱法（GF–AAS） Hg 原子荧光光谱法（AFS） As 原子荧光光谱法（AFS） Pb 电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP–MS） 
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表 2 单因子污染指数分级标准
Table 2. Grading standard of single factor pollution index
指标范围 Pi<1.0 1.0≤Pi<2.0 2.0≤Pi<3.0 Pi≥3.0 污染等级 无污染 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染
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表 3 内梅罗综合污染指数分级标准
Table 3. Grading standard of Nemerow comprehensive pollution index
等级划分 PI 污染等级 污染水平 Ⅰ PI≤0.7 安全 清洁 Ⅱ 0.7<PI≤1.0 警戒线 尚清洁 Ⅲ 1.0<PI≤2.0 轻污染 土壤开始受到污染 Ⅳ 2.0<PI≤3.0 中污染 土壤已受中度污染 Ⅴ PI>3.0 重污染 土壤已受重度污染
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表 4 土壤重金属潜在生态危害指数分级标准
Table 4. Grading standard of potential ecological hazard index of heavy metals in soil
评价指标 指标范围 潜在生态危害程度 $E_r^i $ 或RI$E_r^i $ ≤40或RI≤150轻微风险 40< $E_r^i $ ≤80或150<RI≤300中等风险 80< $E_r^i $ ≤160或300<RI≤600较强风险 160< $E_r^i $ ≤320或600<RI≤1200很强风险 $E_r^i $ ≥320或RI>1200极强风险
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表 5 研究区表层土壤重金属含量特征（n=12988）
Table 5. Characteristics of heavy metal concentrations in surface soils of the study area (n=12988)
项目 As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn 最小值/(mg/kg) 5.0 0.043 17.3 4.1 0.002 5.8 11.6 10.8 最大值/(mg/kg) 25.3 0.423 87.8 46.0 1.441 43.3 92.9 164.1 中位值/(mg/kg) 12.0 0.158 61.9 21.5 0.018 29.7 20.5 62.1 平均值/(mg/kg) 12.1 0.159 62.1 21.8 0.022 29.7 20.7 63.0 标准差/(mg/kg) 0.9 0.020 4.0 2.1 0.027 2.1 1.9 6.4 变异系数/% 7.8 12.7 6.5 9.8 125.8 7.0 9.1 10.2 宁夏土壤元素背景值/
(mg/kg)11.9 0.112 60 22.1 0.021 36.6 20.6 58.8 富集系数
（元素含量/背景值）1.01 1.42 1.04 0.99 1.03 0.81 1.01 1.07
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表 6 原州区土壤重金属风险指数评价
Table 6. Risk index evaluation of heavy metal in soils of the Yuanzhou District
项目 As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn 单因子指数 $ {P}_{i} $ 0.48 0.27 0.25 0.22 0.006 0.16 0.12 0.21 内梅罗综合污染指数 $ \mathrm{P}\mathrm{I} $ 0.69 0.53 0.304 0.36 0.297 0.20 0.40 0.42 单个元素潜在生态危害指数 $ {E}_{r}^{i} $ 10.13 42.72 2.07 4.94 41.37 4.06 5.03 1.07 多种重金属综合潜在生态危害指数 $ \mathrm{R}\mathrm{I} $ 111.39
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表 7 土壤重金属含量的Pearson相关性系数
Table 7. Pearson correlation coefficient of heavy metal concentrations in soils
重金属 As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn As 1 0.366** 0.489** 0.639** 0.052** 0.700** 0.390** 0.601** Cd 1 0.227** 0.477** 0.164** 0.372** 0.408** 0.552** Cr 1 0.566** 0.025** 0.658** 0.344** 0.468** Cu 1 0.219** 0.705** 0.562** 0.833** Hg 1 0.044** 0.240** 0.243** Ni 1 0.419** 0.681** Pb 1 0.599** Zn 1 注：**代表相关性在0.01水平上显著（双尾）。
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表 8 土壤重金属主成分分析
Table 8. Principal component analysis of heavy metal in soils
成分 初始特征值 提取载荷平方和载入 总计 方差/% 累积/% 总计 方差/% 累积/% 1 4.271 54.188 53.388 4.271 54.188 53.388 2 1.154 14.525 68.713 1.154 14.525 67.813 3 0.759 9.486 77.299 4 0.572 7.148 84.447 5 0.489 6.107 90.554 6 0.367 4.587 95.141 7 0.239 2.99 98.131 8 0.15 1.869 100
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