Geochemical characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metal Cd in soil−rice system in Western Jiangxi Province
-
摘要:
研究目的 重金属元素主要通过食物链进入人体从而影响健康，开展土壤−水稻系统重金属元素地球化学特征研究，对科学管理耕地、保障粮食安全和健康中国战略的实施具有重要意义。
研究方法 系统采集水稻籽实及对应根系土样品129组，通过化学分析获取As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、pH和土壤Cd形态等地球化学数据，采用人体健康风险模型评估研究区健康风险。
研究结果 （1）研究区土壤Cd平均含量为0.49 mg/kg，显著高于江西表层土壤背景值，有80件土壤Cd含量高于风险筛选值，占总样本的62%。水稻籽实有57件Cd含量超标，超标率为44%。（2）研究区土壤Cd的污染评价结果与农作物Cd的安全评价结果对应性较差。土壤pH值是主要的影响因素，随着土壤pH值升高，土壤中Cd含量增加了2.26倍，但水稻籽实Cd含量降低了4.5倍。（3）土壤中Cd的水溶态、离子交换态和残渣态这三种赋存形态对水稻籽实Cd含量具有显著影响，在强酸性土壤环境中，Cd生物有效性增强。（4）人体健康风险评价结果显示：研究区儿童的健康风险大于成人，非致癌风险和致癌风险因子主要为Cd。
结论 研究区土壤Cd与水稻籽实Cd含量空间对应性较差，依照现行规范评价，存在一定的误判漏判的局限性；健康风险评价结果显示研究区存在因水稻Cd摄入引起的人体健康风险。
Abstract:This paper is the result of agricultural geological survey engineering.
Objective Metal elements mainly enter the human body through the food chain, thus affecting health. Research on the geochemical characterization of heavy metal elements in the soil−rice system is significant for the scientific management of arable land, the guarantee of food security and the implementation of the strategy of a healthy China.
Methods A total of 129 sets of rice seeds and root soil samples were systematically collected, analyzed by chemical analysis to obtain geochemical data such as As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, pH, and soil Cd morphology, thus using the human health risk model to assess the health risk in the study area.
Results (1) The average soil Cd content in the study area was 0.49 mg/kg, which was significantly higher than the n background value of Jiangxi surface soil. There were 80 soil samples Cd content higher than the risk screening value, accounting for 62%. There were 57 rice seeds with excessive Cd content, the rate of exceeding the standard was 44%. (2) The results of the pollution evaluation of soil Cd and safety evaluation of rice seeds Cd in the study area were poorly correlated. Soil pH was the major influencing factor, with soil alkalinity increasing, soil Cd content increased by 2.3 times, but rice seeds Cd content decreased by 4.5 times. (3) The three fugitive forms of water−soluble, exchangeable and residual Cd in the soil had a significant effect on the Cd content of rice seeds, and the bio−efficacy of Cd was enhanced in a strongly acidic soil environment. (4) Children in the study area have greater health risks than adults, with non−carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk factors dominated by the heavy metal Cd.
Conclusions The correlation between soil Cd and rice seeds Cd content in the study area is relatively poor, and there are some limitations of misjudgment and omission according to the current norms; the health risk evaluation results revealed that there is a human health risk caused by rice Cd intake in the study area.
-
-
表 1 土壤中重金属元素含量统计（mg/kg，N=129）
Table 1. Statistics of heavy metal elements in soil（mg/kg, N=129）
样品类型 统计参数 Cd Cr Hg Pb As pH 土
壤平均值 0.49 75.69 0.188 40.06 8.79 5.88 中位数 0.46 73.20 0.170 38.40 8.79 5.80 最小值 0.16 21.40 0.028 26.00 0.90 4.73 最大值 1.26 187.70 0.990 97.20 22.00 7.75 标准偏差 0.21 22.44 0.108 8.54 4.52 0.73 CV% 42.87 29.65 57.18 21.31 51.41 12.37 江西表层土壤地球化学参数a 0.205 63 0.065 34 9.5 超筛选值个数 80 0 3 0 0 Cd Cr Hg Pb 无机As 水
稻
籽
实平均值 0.24 0.23 0.004 0.09 0.07 中位数 0.18 0.21 0.003 0.08 0.06 最小值 0.01 0.08 0.000 0.04 0.01 最大值 0.91 0.83 0.018 0.72 0.21 标准偏差 0.21 0.14 0.002 0.09 0.05 CV% 87.67 59.09 65.74 96.69 68.67 中国食品安全标准b 0.2 1.0 0.02 0.2 0.2 注：a据侯青叶等（2020）；b据食品安全国家标准《食品中污染物限量》（GB 2762—2022）。 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 土壤与对应水稻籽实Cd超标率统计
Table 2. Statistics of cadmium content exceeding standard in soil and rice seeds
土壤Cd分级 土壤件数/
个对应水稻籽实Cd超标数/
个相对超标率/
%低于筛选值 41 14 34.15 高于筛选值，
低于管制值88 43 46.59
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 水稻籽实Cd含量与土壤pH值、土壤Cd形态的相关性
Table 3. Correlation of Cd content in rice seeds with soil pH and Cd forms in soil
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 土壤Cd pH 水稻籽实Cd 0.440** 0.304** 0.092 0.079 −0.077 0.252* −0.356** −0.134 −0.468** 注：*在0.05级别（双尾），相关性显著；**在0.01级别（双尾），相关性显著。
下载: 导出CSV
表 4 非致癌风险和致癌健康风险指数
Table 4. Non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic health risk index
非致癌风险指数 致癌风险指数 范围 平均值 范围 平均值 成人 HQAs 0.002~
0.04040.010 RiskAs 1.20×10−4~
3.03×10−37.43×10−4 HQCd 0.048~
4.821.276 RiskCd 7.17×10−4~
7.23×10−21.91×10−2 HQCr 0.001~
0.0030.001 RiskCr 2.10×10−4~
2.19×10−35.61×10−4 HQHg 0.020~
0.3150.065 — — — HQPb 0.033~
0.9580.106 RiskPb 1.13×10−6~
3.26×10−53.60×10−6 HI 0.157~
5.0251.458 Risktotal 1.12×10−3~
7.32×10−21.97×10−2 儿童 HQAs 0.002~
0.0460.011 RiskAs 1.36×10−4~
3.45×10−38.46×10−4 HQCd 0.054~
5.4901.453 RiskCd 8.16×10−4~
8.24×10−22.18×10−2 HQCr 0.0001~
0.0030.001 RiskCr 2.39×10−4~
2.49×10−36.38×10−4 HQHg 0.022~
0.3590.075 — — — HQPb 0.0378~
1.0900.120 RiskPb 1.29×10−6~
3.7×10−54.09×10−6 HI 0.776~
6.6892.577 Risktotal 1.27×10−3~
8.34×10−22.24×10−2
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] Cao H B, Chen J J, Zhang J, Zhang H, Qiao L, Men Y. 2010. Heavy metals in rice and garden vegetables and their potential health risks to inhabitants in the vicinity of an industrial zone in Jiangsu, China[J]. Journal of Environment Sciences, 22(11): 1792−1799. doi: 10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60321-1
[2] Chen Lingxiao, Song Yinxian, Yuan Xuyin, Yang Zhongfang, Chen Yang, Chen Jun, Ji Junfeng. 2011. Distribution of Cd and impact factors on the migration in soil−rice system in typical area of Yangtze river delta region[J]. Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment, 33(3): 288−295 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[3] Cheng Hangxin, Yang Xiaobo, Li Kuo, Liu Fei, Yang Ke, Nie Haifeng, Peng Min, Zhao Chuandong, Liu Yinghan. 2012. Geochemical early warning for soil acidification and its adverse biological effect of Cd in rice and maize seeds in the catchment area of Liaohe, Liaoning Province[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 42(6): 1889−1895 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[4] Deng S W, Yu J, Wang Y T, Xie S Q, Ran Z X, Wei W. 2019. Distribution, transfer, and time−dependent variation of Cd in soil−rice system: A case study in the Chengdu plain, Southwest China[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 195: 104367. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2019.104367
[5] Han Chunmei, Wang Linshan, Gong Zongqiang, Xu Huaxia. 2005. Chemical forms of soil heavy metals and their environmental significance[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 24(12): 1499−1502 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[6] Hou Qingye, Yang Zhongfang, Yu Tao, Xia Xueqi, Cheng Hangxin, Zhou Guohua. 2020. Soil Geochemical Dataset of China[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2630−2633(in Chinese with English abstract).
[7] Liu Bing, Wang Yi, Zhu Yanjie, Zhao Yunxia, Wang Shuo. 2021. Risk assessment about the dietary intake of heavy metals in aquatic products[J]. Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, 21(7): 268−275 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[8] Liu Caize, Wang Yonghua, Zhao Jin, Zeng Qinqin, Lei Fenghua. 2022. Assessment of cadmium accumulation in rice and risk on human health in the northeast Sichuan Province[J]. Geology in China, 49(3): 695−705 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[9] Liu Daorong, Zhou Yi. 2020. Speciation characteristics and bioavailability of cadmium in paddy soils, western Zhejiang Province[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 44(5): 1239−1244 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[10] Liu F, Liu X N, Ding C, Wu L. 2015. The dynamic simulation of rice growth parameters under cadmium stress with the assimilation of multi−period spectral indices and crop model[J]. Field Crops Research, 183: 225−234. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2015.08.004
[11] Liu Tong, Liu Chuanpeng, Deng Jun, Kang Pengyu, Wang Kaikai, Zhao Yuyan. 2022. Ecological health risk assessment of soil heavy metals in eastern Yinan County, Shandong Province[J]. Geology in China, 49(5): 1497−1508 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[12] Mao C P, Song Y X, Chen L X, Ji J F, Li J Z, Yuan X Y, Yang Z F, Ayoko G A, Frost R L, Theiss F. 2019. Human health risks of heavy metals in paddy rice based on transfer characteristics of heavy metals from soil to rice[J]. Catena, 175: 339−348. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2018.12.029
[13] Tao Chunjun, Li Minghui, Ma Minghai, Zhang Xiaorong, Du Guoqiang, Liang Hongxia. 2023. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soil−rice in a typical selenium−rich area of southern Anhui Province[J]. East China Geology, 44(2): 160−171(in Chinese with English abstract).
[14] Tang L, Deng S H, Tan D, Long J M, Lei M. 2019. Heavy metal distribution, translocation, and human health risk assessment in the soil−rice system around Dongting Lake area, China[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(17): 17655−17665. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-05134-w
[15] US EPA. 1989. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual[M]. Washington, D. C. : U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
[16] US EPA. 1996. Soil screening guidance: Technical background document [M]. Washington, D. C. : U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
[17] US EPA. 2002. Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites[M]. Washington D. C. : U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
[18] US EPA. 2011. Exposure Factors Handbook[M]. Washington, D. C. : U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
[19] Wang Changyu, Zhang Surong, Liu Jihong, Xing Yi, Li Mingze, Liu Qingxue. 2021. Pollution level and risk assessment of heavy metals in a metal smelting area of Xiong'an New District[J]. Geology in China, 48(6): 1697−1709 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[20] Wang P, Chen H P, Peter M K, Zhao F J. 2019. Cadmium contamination in agricultural soils of China and the impact on food safety[J]. Environmental Pollution, 249: 1038−1048. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.063
[21] Wen Y B, Li W, Yang Z F, Zhuo X X, Guan D X, Song Y X, Guo C, Ji J F. 2020. Evaluation of various approaches to predict cadmium bioavailability to rice grown in soils with high geochemical background in the karst region, Southwestern China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 258: 113645. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113645
[22] Yang Qiong, Yang Zhongfang, Liu Xu, Yu Tao, Wang Lei, Wu Tiansheng, Zhang Qizuan, Ji Jufeng. 2022. Transfer characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soil−rice system in typical acid magmatic rock area with low geochemical background of Guangxi[J]. East China Geology, 43(1): 49−60 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[23] Yang Qiong, Yang Zhongfang, Zhang Qizuan, Liu Xu, Zhuo Xiaoxiong, Wu Tiansheng, Wang Lei, Wei Xueji, Ji Junfeng. 2021. Ecological risk assessment of Cd and other heavy metals in soil−rice system in the karst areas with high geochemical background of Guangxi, China[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 64(7): 1126−1139 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.1007/s11430-020-9763-0
[24] Yu G G, Zheng W R, Wang W, Dai F, Zhang Z H, Yuan Y W, Wang Q. 2017. Health risk assessment of Chinese consumers to Cadmium via dietary intake[J]. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 44: 137−145. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.07.003
[25] Yu Hua, Qin Yusheng, Chen Kun, Zeng Xiangzhong, Zhang Yan, Li Lijun, Tu Shihua. 2017. Distribution characteristics of cadmium forms and Its correlation with biological effect in paddy soil[J]. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 30(2): 452−457 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[26] Yu Tao, Yang Zhongfang, Zhong Jian, Cheng Xinbin. 2008. Factors affecting the geochemical behavior of heavy metal elements Pb and Cd in soil[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 15(5): 67−73 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[27] Zhang Y F, Liu P, Wang C N, Wu Y N. 2016. Human health risk assessment of cadmium via dietary intake by children in Jiangsu Province, China[J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 39(1): 1−13.
[28] Zheng N, Wang Q C, Zhang X W, Zheng D M, Zhang Z S, Zhang S Q. 2007. Population health risk due to dietary intake of heavy metals in the industrial area of Huludao city, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 387: 96−104. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.07.044
[29] Zheng Xiongwei, Wang Junfeng, Zheng Guoquan, Hu Qing, Tan Yuan, Tang Shiqun, Hu Ruichun. 2016. Characteristics of the concentrations of heavy metals of agricultural and aquatic products in a certain area of Honghu City and its security analysis[J]. East China Geology, 37(4): 300−305 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[30] Zhong Xiaolan, Zhou Shenglu, Huang Mingli, Zhao Qiguo. 2009. Chemical form distribution characteristic of soil heavy metals and its influencing factors[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 18(4): 1266−1273 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[31] Zhou Mo, Tang Zhimin, Zhang Ming, Liang Xiaohong, Zhan Long. 2021. Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil−rice system in the Ganzhou area, Jiangxi Province[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 40(12): 2149−2158 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[32] Zong Y T, Xiao Q, Lu S G. 2016. Chemical fraction, leachability, and bioaccessibility of heavy metals in contaminated soils, Northeast China[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 23: 24107−24114. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7598-9
[33] Zong Qingxia, Dou Lei, Hou Qingye, Yang Zhongfang, You Yuanhang, Tang Zhimin. 2017. Regional ecological risk assessment of soil heavy metals in Pearl River Delta economic zone based on different land uses[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 32(8): 875−884 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[34] 陈岭啸, 宋垠先, 袁旭音, 杨忠芳, 陈旸, 陈骏, 季峻峰. 2011. 长江三角洲典型地区土壤−水稻系统中Cd的分布及其迁移制约因素[J]. 地球科学与环境学报, 33(3): 288−295. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6561.2011.03.010
[35] 成杭新, 杨晓波, 李括, 刘飞, 杨柯, 聂海峰, 彭敏, 赵传冬, 刘英汉. 2012. 辽河流域土壤酸化与作物籽实Cd生物效应的地球化学预警[J]. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 42(6): 1889−1895.
[36] 韩春梅, 王林山, 巩宗强, 许华夏. 2005. 土壤中重金属形态分析及其环境学意义[J]. 生态学杂志, 24(12): 1499−1502. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-4890.2005.12.025
[37] 侯青叶, 杨忠芳, 余涛, 夏学奇, 成杭新, 周国华. 2020. 中国土壤地球化学参数[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2630−2633.
[38] 刘冰, 王怡, 朱艳杰, 赵云霞, 王硕. 2021. 膳食摄入水产品中重金属的风险评估[J]. 中国食品学报, 21(7): 268−275.
[39] 刘才泽, 王永华, 赵禁, 曾琴琴, 雷风华. 2022. 川东北地区水稻Cd积累与生态健康风险评价[J]. 中国地质, 49(3): 695−705. doi: 10.12029/gc20220302
[40] 刘道荣, 周漪. 2020. 浙西水田土壤Cd形态与有效性研究[J]. 物探与化探, 44(5): 1239−1244.
[41] 刘同, 刘传朋, 邓俊, 康鹏宇, 王凯凯, 赵玉岩. 2022. 山东省沂南县东部土壤重金属生态健康风险评价[J]. 中国地质, 49(5): 1497−1508. doi: 10.12029/gc20220509
[42] 陶春军, 李明辉, 马明海, 张笑蓉, 杜国强, 梁红霞. 2023. 皖南某典型富硒区土壤−水稻重金属生态风险评估[J]. 华东地质, 44(2): 160−171.
[43] 王昌宇, 张素荣, 刘继红, 邢怡, 李名则, 刘庆学. 2021. 雄安新区某金属冶炼区土壤重金属污染程度及风险评价[J]. 中国地质, 48(6): 1697−1709. doi: 10.12029/gc20210603
[44] 杨琼, 杨忠芳, 刘旭, 余涛, 王磊, 吴天生, 张起钻, 季峻峰. 2022. 广西典型酸性火成岩地质低背景区土壤−水稻重金属积累特征及生态风险[J]. 华东地质, 43(1): 49−60.
[45] 杨琼, 杨忠芳, 张起钻, 刘旭, 卓小雄, 吴天生, 王磊, 韦雪姬, 季峻峰. 2021. 中国广西岩溶地质高背景区土壤−水稻系统Cd等重金属生态风险评价[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学, 51(8): 1317−1331.
[46] 喻华, 秦鱼生, 陈琨, 曾祥忠, 张焱, 李丽君, 涂仕华. 2017. 水稻土Cd形态分布特征及其生物效应研究[J]. 西南农业学报, 30(2): 452−457.
[47] 余涛, 杨忠芳, 钟坚, 程新彬. 2008. 土壤中重金属元素Pb、Cd地球化学行为影响因素研究[J]. 地学前缘, 15(5): 67−73. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2008.05.007
[48] 郑雄伟, 王俊锋, 郑国权, 胡青, 谭园, 唐诗群, 胡瑞春. 2016. 洪湖市某地区农水产品重金属含量特征及其安全性分析[J]. 华东地质, 37(4): 300−305.
[49] 钟晓兰, 周生路, 黄明丽, 赵其国. 2009. 土壤重金属的形态分布特征及其影响因素[J]. 生态环境学报, 18(4): 1266−1273. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2009.04.013
[50] 周墨, 唐志敏, 张明, 梁晓红, 湛龙. 2021. 江西赣州地区土壤−水稻系统重金属含量特征及健康风险评价[J]. 地质通报, 40(12): 2149−2158. doi: 10.12097/j.issn.1671-2552.2021.12.017
[51] 宗庆霞, 窦磊, 侯青叶, 杨忠芳, 游远航, 唐志敏. 2017. 基于土地利用类型的土壤重金属区域生态风险评价: 以珠江三角洲经济区为例[J]. 地球科学进展, 32(8): 875−884. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.08.0875
-
图(4)
表(4)
计量
- 文章访问数: 40
- PDF下载数: 9
- 施引文献: 0