Research status and new development on heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater
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摘要:
研究目的 随着工业的快速发展,重金属(如砷、铜、铬、镉、镍、锌、铅、汞和锰)废水的排放量逐渐增加。由于其不可生物降解且半衰期较长,废水中的重金属会导致地下水、地表水、土壤和农作物受到严重污染,危害人体和动植物的健康。因此需要从工业废水中去除这些有毒重金属。
研究方法 基于现阶段的污染现状,综合考虑去除效率、处理成本、污泥量、可回收性等因素,分析工业废水中重金属的治理现状与进展。
研究结果 文章全面地介绍了有效去除工业废水中重金属的主要技术,总结了各技术的内在机理、影响因素(pH、温度和重金属浓度等)及各自优缺点,并对重金属去除技术的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为其综合治理提供有意义的参考。
结论 各种去除技术均有广泛的应用空间,但同时也存在着诸多缺陷,常规的物理化学方法存在着污泥量高、去除效率低和能耗高等问题,而生物方法对pH值和温度依赖性强、能量和维护需求高。组合工艺是提高重金属分离效率的一种可行方法。研究和发展新型天然吸附剂、膜技术和生物技术,加强多种技术的综合应用,是治理重金属污染的有效途径。
Abstract:This paper is the result of hydrogeological survey engineering.
Objective With the improvement of industrialization, the discharge of industrial wastewater containing heavy metals (such as arsenic, copper, chromium, cadmium, nickel, zinc, lead, mercury and manganese) is gradually increasing. Due to its non-biodegradability and long half-life, heavy metals in wastewater cause severe pollution in groundwater, surface water, soil and crops, seriously endangering the health of human beings, animals and plants. Therefore, it is necessary to remove these toxic heavy metals from industrial wastewater.
Methods Based on the current status of heavy metal pollution in industrial wastewater, the current status and progress of heavy metal treatment in industrial wastewater are analyzed by comprehensively considering removal efficiency, treatment cost, sludge output, recyclability and other factors.
Results This paper presents the research of leading technologies on heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater. The internal mechanism, influencing factors (pH, temperature and heavy metal concentration) and the advantages and disadvantages of each technology are summarized. The development trend of heavy metal removal technology in industrial wastewater is proposed to provide a meaningful reference for the comprehensive treatment of industrial wastewater.
Conclusions Various heavy metal removal technologies have broad prospects for heavy metal treatment with some drawbacks. Conventional physical and chemical methods have problems such as high sludge production, low removal efficiency and high energy consumption. In contrast, biological methods strongly depend on pH and temperature and the high demand for energy and maintenance. The combined process is a feasible method to improve the removal efficiency of heavy metals. Research and development of new natural adsorbents, membrane technology and biotechnology, and strengthening the comprehensive application of various technologies are effective ways to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater.
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图 1 化学沉淀模型(据Peng and Guo, 2020)
Figure 1.
图 2 不同吸附类型示意图(据Chai et al., 2021)
Figure 2.
图 3 离子浮选的整体过程示意图(据Chang et al., 2019)
Figure 3.
图 4 层状双氢氧化物中MoS42-与HAsO42-的主导相及可能的结合方式(据Ma et al., 2017)
Figure 4.
图 5 混凝/絮凝过程(据Teh et al., 2016)
Figure 5.
图 6 电化学方法示意图(据Tran et al., 2017)
Figure 6.
图 7 基于甲壳胺的纳米吸附剂去除重金属机理图(据Haripriyan et al., 2022)
Figure 7.
图 8 水凝胶去除Pb2+原理图(据Lei et al., 2022)
Figure 8.
图 9 细菌生物量对重金属的生物吸附机理研究(据Priyadarshanee and Das, 2021)
Figure 9.
图 10 膜分离原理示意图(据Zhu et al., 2019)
Figure 10.
图 11 三室电渗析装置示意图, 其中CEM是阳离子交换膜,AEM是阴离子交换膜(据Arana et al., 2022)
Figure 11.
图 12 非均相光催化剂上的光催化过程,其中Eg是带隙能,h+是空穴,VB是价带,CB是导带(据Ren et al., 2021)
Figure 12.
表 1 不同重金属的来源和饮用水标准限值
Table 1. Sources of different heavy metals and standard limits of drinking water
表 2 治理技术方法的对比分析
Table 2. Comparative analysis of treatment methods
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