Cause analysis of groundwater pollution in coal development zone of Yellow River Basin and prevention suggestions
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摘要:
研究目的 黄河流域内由于煤炭资源开发导致地下水污染严重，从整体角度对流域内重点煤炭开发区地下水进行归纳总结，为其可持续健康发展和地下水资源改善提供防治建议。
研究方法 从黄河流域战略地位出发，对地下水污染成因和污染模式进行归纳总结。采用改进后的综合水质指数法对流域内九大煤炭基地的地下水进行水质评价。选用主成分分析法赋权指标，并引入改进的内梅罗污染指数法，按照WPI分级法进行评价。
研究结果 通过对黄河流域各重点断面水质评价，得到目前流域内煤炭基地水质结果中Ⅲ、Ⅳ类占比较多，水质较差。分析成因当前流域内存在高矿化度矿井水、酸性矿井水和含特殊组分矿井水污染，同时阐述污染地下水形成的浅层和深层两种污染模式。
结论 对3种矿井水采用相应防治方法，并提出膏体充填技术和微生物修复技术2种防治技术建议，通过应用实际矿山为例，印证污染防治技术能够改善由煤炭开采引发的流域内地下水污染严重的问题，以期研究结果能够对成功推动中国绿色矿山的快速发展具有参考意义。
Abstract:This paper is the result of hydrogeological survey engineering.
Objective The development of coal resources in the Yellow River Basin has led to serious groundwater pollution. This paper summarizes the situation from the overall perspective of the basin, providing prevention and control suggestions for its sustainable and healthy development and reasonable protection of groundwater resources.
Methods Starting from the strategic position of the Yellow River basin, the causes and patterns of pollution are summarized. The improved comprehensive water quality index method was used to evaluate the groundwater quality of nine major coal bases in the basin. The weighted indicators were selected using principal component analysis, and the improved Nemero pollution index method was introduced. The evaluation was conducted according to the WPI classification method.
Results The research shows that through the water quality evaluation of various key sections of the Yellow River basin, it is found that the water quality results of coal bases in the basin currently account for more Class III and Class IV, with poor water quality. Currently, the pollution of highly mineralized mine water, acidic mine water, and mine water containing special components in the drainage basin is relatively large. The causes of pollution are analyzed, and the shallow and deep pollution modes of polluted groundwater are described.
Conclusions We adopt corresponding prevention and control methods for three types of mine water, and propose two prevention and control technologies, paste filling technology and microbial remediation technology. Through the application of actual mines as examples, it is confirmed that pollution prevention and control technology can improve the serious problem of groundwater pollution in river basins caused by coal mining, with the hope that the research results can have reference significance for successfully promoting the rapid development of green mines in China.
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表 1 黄河流域主要地下水类型及基本信息
Table 1. Main groundwater types and basic information in the Yellow River Basin
地下水分区名称 主要地下水类型 地下水分布
面积/km2地下水资
源量/亿m3地下水中心
水位埋深/m地下
水位变化上游 青藏高原 孔隙水、多年冻结层水、裂隙水 219572.5 58.00 12.59 上升 兰州—石嘴山 第四系孔隙水、碎屑岩孔隙裂隙水 72915.1 12.72 118.2 上升 鄂尔多斯高原（中上游） 砂岩裂隙水、孔隙水 161315.7 27.30 67.05 基本稳定 河套平原（中上游） 第四系孔隙水 58277.9 25.84 14.30 上升 中游 吕梁山西麓 裂隙岩溶水 38759.6 8.90 9.80 基本稳定 汾河流域 岩溶水、基岩裂隙水 45606.3 33.59 16.45 下降 沁河流域 冲洪积扇孔隙水、风化裂隙水、构造裂隙水 46868.6 13.14 4.40 下降 黄土高原 松散层孔隙水、碎屑岩裂隙水、岩溶裂隙水 136976.3 47.82 139.50 下降 下游 花园口以下 冲积平原孔隙水、岩溶裂隙水 39666.6 24.32 4.25 下降 
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表 2 神东矿区活鸡兔矿矿井水质分析结果（mg/L）
Table 2. Water quality analysis results of Huojitu Mine in Shendong Mining Area (mg/L)
煤炭基地名称 CO32− HCO3− Cl− SO42− Ca2+ Mg2+ K++Na+ 矿化度 神东矿区活鸡兔矿 57 162 287 651 164 37 295 1653
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表 3 山西阳泉市娘子关矿井水质分析结果（mg/L）
Table 3. Water quality analysis results of Niangziguan Mine in Yangquan City, Shanxi Province (mg/L)
煤炭基地名称 pH Fe HCO3− Cl− SO42− Ca2+ Mg2+ K++Na+ 山西阳泉市娘子关 2.99 0.815 362.9 187.6 931.8 164 77.2 410.8
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表 4 含特殊组分矿井水质分析结果（mg/L）
Table 4. Water quality analysis results of mine water quality with special components (mg/L)
煤炭基地名称 pH F− HCO3− Cl− SO42− Ca2+ Mg2+ K++Na+ 神东基地萨拉乌苏 7.97 5.01 798.21 199.06 284.52 16.64 7.13 535.25 神东基地大柳塔煤矿区 8.22 0.13 1.68 310 310 85 78 301
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表 5 黄河流域九大煤炭基地地下水数据统计（mg/L，pH值除外）
Table 5. Statistics of groundwater data of nine coal bases in the Yellow River Basin (mg/L, except for pH)
煤炭基地 含量分布 pH TDS SO42− F Fe Mn 宁东（靳德武等，2022） 平均值 6.90 5401.35 1503.66 0.80 15.21 10.00 神东（李果等，2022） 平均值 8.00 1392.10 233.50 4.13 3.35 0.16 晋北、晋中、晋东
（李向全等，2021）平均值 6.12 1142.60 501.03 1.38 7.92 2.54 陕北（陶虹等，2016） 平均值 8.69 700.28 101.50 1.08 1.06 0.40 黄陇（靳德武等，2023） 平均值 7.69 607.88 192.06 1.60 0.10 0.89 河南（张记飞等，2023） 平均值 7.98 783.08 202.62 1.06 5.33 0.57 鲁西（王怀文等，2013） 平均值 5.86 1997.29 1245.89 1.03 93.49 10.72
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表 6 黄河流域九大煤炭基地水质评价结果
Table 6. Water quality evaluation results of nine coal bases in the Yellow River Basin
煤炭基地 pH值 TDS SO42− F Fe Mn 评价结果 宁东 0 0.28 0.33 0.19 0.03 0.17 Ⅲ 神东 0 0.39 0.25 0.11 0.08 0.17 Ⅱ 晋 晋北 0.10 0.40 0.50 0 0 0 Ⅲ 晋中 0 0.13 0.17 0.34 0.3 0.06 Ⅳ 晋东 0 0.47 0.16 0.16 0 0.21 Ⅱ 陕北 0 0.27 0.49 0.10 0.02 0.12 Ⅲ 黄陇 0.02 0.44 0.35 0.13 0.02 0.04 Ⅱ 河南 0.06 0.31 0.18 0.15 0.08 0.22 Ⅱ 鲁西 0.02 0.20 0.26 0.28 0.11 0.13 Ⅳ
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