Research progress on distribution, harm and control technology of heavy metals in soil
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摘要:
研究目的 镉、铬、铅、铜和锌等重金属是土壤中的典型有害元素。过量摄入会抑制生物体的生长发育。其在土壤中的分布受到原生地质背景成因和矿山开采、大气沉降、农药化肥施用等人类活动的共同影响。然而不同土地利用类型下的土壤重金属分布特征需要进一步识别，对于典型重金属的危害作用需要进行全面的梳理揭示。
研究方法 通过查阅国内外的相关研究内容，整理典型重金属在土壤中的空间分布特征，总结土壤重金属对生物的影响作用，综述人体暴露在高重金属的土壤与地下水环境下的毒性作用及针对性修复方式。
研究结果 受到原生地质背景和人类活动下土地利用类型的共同影响，造成土壤中重金属含量具有显著的空间变异性。重金属在土壤中的含量不同，会对土壤微生物与植物的生长发育产生不同效应的影响，并通过食物链进入人体累积。当重金属在人体中累积含量过高，会对人体的不同器官和系统产生破坏，威胁人体健康。
结论 应该综合考虑污染方式、污染水平和暴露途径等因素进行针对性的重金属治理。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
Objective Heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium, lead, copper and zinc are typical harmful elements in soil. Excessive intake can inhibit the growth and development of the organism. Its distribution in soil is influenced by the origin of primary geological background and human activities such as mining, atmospheric subsidence, pesticide and fertilizer application. However, the distribution characteristics of soil heavy metals under different land use types need to be further identified. Besides, the harmful effects of typical heavy metals need to be comprehensively sorted out and revealed.
Methods By referring to the relevant research content at home and abroad, the spatial distribution characteristics of typical heavy metals in soil were sorted out, the effects of heavy metals on organisms in soil were summarized, and the toxic effects and targeted remediation methods of human exposure to high heavy metals in soil and groundwater were summarized.
Results The results showed that the heavy metal content in soil had significant spatial variability due to the combined effects of primary geological background and land use type under human activities. The different content of heavy metals in soil will have different effects on the growth and development of soil microorganisms and plants, and enter the human body through the food chain and accumulate. When the accumulation of heavy metals in the human body is too high, it will destroy different organs and systems of the human body and threaten human health.
Conclusions Pollution mode, pollution level and exposure route should be taken into account in the targeted treatment of heavy metals.
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图 1 细菌对于毒性金属的防御机制（据Das et al.，2016修改）
Figure 1.
图 3 植物中重金属的累积方式及转移机制（据Hasan et al.，2019修改）
Figure 3.
图 4 重金属对人体的损伤机制（据Deng et al., 2022修改）
Figure 4.
图 6 电动修复技术修复铬污染土壤（据Wu et al., 2021修改）
Figure 6.
表 1 中国土壤重金属的主要来源
Table 1. Main source of heavy metals in Chinese soil
来源 途径 主要重金属污染物 自然源 成土壤母质 与地层条件有关 工业源 采矿、冶炼、燃煤 镉、铜和铅等 电镀、电子等工业废水排放 镉、铬、镍、铅、铜和汞等 染料、化工制革工业排放的废水 镉和铬等 大气沉降 铜、铅和锌等 生活源 生活垃圾和废水 镉、铅和汞等 车辆尾气排放 铅 农业源 污水灌溉、畜禽粪便堆弃 镉、铜、汞、锌和砷等 施加肥料和农药 镉、铜和砷等 注：表中数据来源于文献（陈怀满等，1999；彭皓，2019；Qin et al., 2021）。 
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表 2 部分国家/地区土壤重金属含量（mg/kg）
Table 2. Heavy metal content of soil in some countries (mg/kg)
国家/元素 Cd Cr Pb Cu Zn As Ni 美国 0.78~13.5 48.5 23~55 48~95 88.5 / 29~57 英国 0.67 28.33 182.6 56.85 251 15.14 25.23 法国 0.53 42.08 43.14 20.06 43.14 / 14.47 西班牙 1.42~3.76 63.48 213.93~1505.45 57.01~107.65 427.8~596.09 / 34.75 澳大利亚 0.01~7.52 0.5~39.7 4.16~789 5.42~150 13.4~330 1.1~79 4.6~18.5 叙利亚 / 57 17 34 103 / 39 伊朗 0.34~1.53 10.36~63.79 5.17~46.59 9.62~60.15 11.56~94.09 / 11.28~37.53 印度 0.05~0.82 1.23~2.19 0.95~2.82 1.2~2.62 4.65~28.24 / 0.14~4.34 日本 / 65 23 31 118 9 / 注：“/”表明未查到相关数据；其他数据来源于文献（Su et al., 2014; Reimann and Caritat, 2017; Crispo et al., 2021; Nakagawa et al., 2021）。
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表 3 我国不同土地利用类型土壤中典型重金属含量分布（mg/kg）
Table 3. Content distribution of typical heavy metals in different soil of land-use type in China (mg/kg)
不同土地类型 Zn Cu Pb Mn Cr Cd As 矿山 23~19142 4.86~794 0.82~41253 263~>1200 8.1~192 0.05~311 0.34~2794 农业畜牧 33.7~288 11.61~122 6.65~70.4 271~796 14~93.16 0.047~1.638 3.89~27.96 城市或污灌区 22.9~1882 4.7~306 4.9~>500 141~614 8.4~192.8 0.043~640 2.9~15 注：数据来源：黄河（李玉梅等，2016；张连科等，2016a，b；黄哲等，2017）、长江（于沨等，2021）、海河（陈岩等，2014；李苹等，2018；熊秋林等，2021；张沁瑞等，2022；郑飞等，2022）、珠江（罗小玲等，2014；顾涛等，2018）。
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表 4 重金属在不同器官的浓度分布及影响
Table 4. Concentration distribution and effect of heavy metals in different organs
重金属
类型器官/
系统含量/
（μg/g）毒性作用 镉（Cd） 心脏
肝脏
胰脏
脾脏
肺脏
肾脏
肌肉<0.4~7
0.7~117
<0.7~91.1
<0.6~26.5
<4.0~11.7
4.5~1220
<0.3~4.8心肌病、心律问题增加
肝脏充血、肿大
胰腺分泌功能受损
咽喉干痛、肺气肿、肺纤维化
肾小管功能障碍铬（Cr） 大脑
心脏
肝脏
脾脏
肺脏
肾脏0.75~0.8
0.73
0.53~0.65
0.52
1.4~5.98
0.45~0.50急性：鼻溃疡和流鼻涕；咳嗽、哮喘；肠胃炎等
慢性：慢性咽炎或支气管炎、铬性皮肤溃疡、接触性皮炎和湿疹铅（Pb） 大脑
心脏
肝脏
脾脏
肺脏
肾脏
肌肉
血管系统<1.9
<0.5
<0.5~0.65
<0.5~0.66
<0.3~0.4
<0.5~1.7
<0.5~0.64
(儿童)5~10 μg/dL
(成人)20~40 μg/dL儿童：困倦、失眠、头晕、乏力、情绪不稳、听觉障碍、智商下降
成人：男性生殖功能降低、增加高血压和肾损伤的风险；女性出现流产、早产，引发婴儿发育问题
血铅水平升高，血红素合成受损铜（Cu） 大脑
心脏
肝脏
脾脏
肺脏
肾脏
肌肉
生殖系统13.1~35.1
12.5~23.5
12.2~52.2
1.5~11.2
<2.0~38
<2.3~45
<12.5~23.5
4.0
脑损伤造成认知障碍，影响记忆力
慢性肝炎、肝硬化，甚至肝衰竭
慢性贫血；肠胃受损锌（Zn） 大脑
心脏
肝脏
脾脏
肺脏
肾脏
肌肉
生殖系统36~66
98~154
146~310
62~104
43~81
165~305
182~292
40影响儿童智力发育、损害记忆力，增加成人患阿尔茨海默病的几率
上腹痛、呕吐、恶心和疲劳、增加心脏病和糖尿病等其他疾病的风险砷（As） 大脑
心脏
肝脏
脾脏
肺脏
肾脏
肌肉0.22
0.25
0.30
0.38
0.56
0.40
0.31低水平暴露：恶心和呕吐、心律异常、血管损伤、肌肉损伤等
长期低水平暴露：皮肤病变、损伤内脏器官、致癌注：数据来源：Teraoka, 1981; Wang et al., 1991; Katoh et al., 2002; Leung et al., 2010; 孙贵范, 2014; Zhou et al., 2015; 张吟等, 2016; Morris and Levenson, 2017; Planchart et al., 2018; Zaksas et al., 2019; 李争显等, 2020; Araujo et al., 2020; 高温婷等, 2021; 韩致超等, 2021; Griggs et al., 2022; Hossini et al., 2022; Mitra et al., 2022。
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