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摘要:
研究目的 随着科技的进步，近几年来，市场上对绿色能源和矿产资源的需求日益激增，锂作为一种核心战略关键金属矿产，相关勘探与研究已成为矿产勘查和地质研究的热点。
研究方法 本文基于前人研究，按照统计分析原则，对国内锂资源主要类型、分布情况与开发利用现状进行梳理和总结。
研究结果 中国锂矿床类型主要分为硬岩型、卤水型及黏土型。资源分布比较集中，其中硬岩型锂矿主要分布在四川、江西、湖南、新疆等地区，卤水型锂矿主要分布在青海、西藏和湖北等地区。目前，硬岩型锂矿中的花岗伟晶岩型锂矿因其矿石品位高，开采技术较成熟而成为国内锂资源供给的重要来源；卤水型锂矿资源量大，但生产周期长；黏土型锂矿发现较晚，研究时间短，尚未实现规模化利用，但已有锂资源的分布格局和现实需求。
结论 从总体上看，中国锂矿资源存在供需关系失衡、资源进口依存度高的问题，目前国内外新能源汽车工业、移动能源存储技术以及国家绿色能源产业发展迅速，对锂矿资源的需求在未来长期内增长势头明显，要想在锂矿这种全球稀缺战略性资源上取得话语权，就有必要对中国现有的锂矿资源进行重新评估，摸清资源家底，加大对新型锂矿资源的调查研究与勘探开发研究力度。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
Objective With the development of science and technology, the market demand for green energy mineral resources has been increasing in recent years, and lithium as a core strategic metal resource, related exploration and research has become a hot spot for mineral exploration and geological research.
Methods Based on previous research, this paper compares and summarizes the main types, distribution and development and utilization of lithium resources in China according to the principle of statistical analysis.
Results Lithium ores in China are mainly classified into hard rock type, brine type and clay type lithium ores. The distribution of lithium resources is relatively concentrated, among which hard rock−type lithium ore is mainly distributed in Sichuan, Jiangxi, Hunan, Xinjiang and other regions, and the salt lake brine−type lithium ore is distributed in Qinghai, Tibet and Hubei and other regions. At present, granite pegmatite lithium ore is an important source of domestic lithium supply because of its high ore grade and easy mining. Brine−type lithium ore has large resources, but the lithium extraction technology is relatively complex; clay−type lithium ore was discovered late and has not been exploited on a large scale, but there is a distribution pattern and realistic demand for lithium resources.
Conclusions On the whole, there is an imbalance between supply and demand of lithium resources in China and a high dependence on resource imports. At present, the new energy automobile industry, mobile energy storage technology and the national green energy industry are developing rapidly at home and abroad, and the demand for lithium resources will grow significantly in the long term. In order to gain a say in this global scarce strategic resource, it is necessary to re−evaluate the existing lithium resources in China, map out the resource base, and increase the research and exploration and development of new lithium resources.
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Key words:
- lithium deposits /
- brine type /
- clay type /
- development potential /
- mineral exploration engineering
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图 2 盐湖卤水型锂矿成矿模式示意图（据 Bradley et al., 2013）
Figure 2.
图 3 沉积型锂资源成矿物质来源及形成模式图（据Benson et al., 2017）
Figure 3.
图 6 全球已查明锂资源量（USGS, 2023）
Figure 6.
表 1 锂资源的应用领域、实例及优缺点（据王秀莲等，2001；何生丽，2001；孙中刚等，2012；杨卉芃等，2019）
Table 1. Applications, examples and advantages and disadvantages of lithium resources (after Wang Xiulian et al., 2001; He Shengli, 2001; Sun Zhonggang et al., 2012; Yang Huipeng et al., 2019)
应用领域 应用实例 优缺点 新能源 锂电池是非常重要的储能技术，在下游产品中常分为两类：动力电池和3C电子产品，动力电池应用在电动乘用车、电动客车以及电动物流车、电动船等，3C电子产品主要用于小型电子设备，移动通讯设备，便携式电脑等 锂电池具有高能量密度，质量轻，体积小，使用寿命长，性能好，无污染等优点。随着新能源的倡导与发展，锂电池有非常大的市场 新材料 有机金属，是一种具有碳金属键的物质，被用来形成有机化合物的碳−碳骨架，是有机合成中的重要原料，尤其在高效合成药物中间体有广泛的应用。在金属有机化合物中，有机锂的反应活性非常高，因此应用最多 有机锂不稳定，且参加的反应往往是非常迅速的，并且伴随着强放热过程，在传统的间歇釜反应器中很难控制 军工航天 航空航天领域中常用的锂材料为铝锂合金，广泛应用于许多民用飞机和先进的战斗机。此外，锂及其化合物的燃烧度高、速度快、火焰宽、发热量大，经常被用作火箭、飞机或潜艇的高能燃料 铝锂合金密度低、疲劳性能好、耐腐蚀，已是现代航空航天器材设计中最具竞争力的材料之一，拥有广阔的应用前景 生物医药 锂是人体中的一种微量元素，如果人体缺少了锂，就会引起痴呆，狂躁，发育不良等症状，在医药方面，锂还能改善人体的造血功能，增强人体的免疫机能。锂有调节中枢神经活性的功能，以及镇静、安神、抑制心理障碍、预防心血管疾病等功效 锂的治疗剂量和毒性剂量之间差距相对较窄，锂浓度过高可导致中毒，出现严重不良反应和多系统功能障碍，严重可能致命 民用储能 风光发电站储能、离网储能、家庭储能、微网储能、个体户及工业园区储能、备用电源、通信基站、数据中心、特种设备，户外电源等 模块化的储能系统，安装简易，可自主扩容，可并机扩容实现三相输出，可设置光伏、市电、电池优先供电 农业领域 锂对棉花、马铃薯等部分作物有一定增产作用。锂还能制造“锂盐肥料”，防治西红柿腐烂和小麦锈穗病 应用面积小，只是在探索实验阶段，目前市场需求量不大 核工业 核聚变的本质是氚和氘的反应，锂不仅可以作为制备氚的原材料，同时也是一种在反应中很好的冷凝剂 同位素锂6无核裂变产物，不会造成辐射污染，且反应后能量可用于发电 
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表 2 中国超大型、大型锂矿床（据郑喜玉，2002；费光春等，2020；王核等，2022）
Table 2. Ultra-large and large lithium deposits in China (after Zheng Xiyu, 2002; Fei Guangchun et al., 2020; Wang He et al., 2022)
类型 矿床名称 产地 规模 时代 优点 缺点 伟晶岩型/
锂辉石甲基卡矿田新三号脉（X03） 四川雅江县 超大型 印支晚期 规模大、埋藏浅、品位较高 锂产业规模小，产能低；受生态环境限制较大，影响产量及生产规模；基础设施建设较为落后，且较为分散；技术相对落后，生产模式粗放，回收利用率低，伴生矿石浪费较为严重。 甲基卡矿田N.134脉 四川雅江县 大型 印支晚期及燕山早期 规模大、易采易选、品位较高 甲基卡矿田木绒 四川雅江县 超大型 甲基卡矿田措拉 四川雅江县 大型 燕山早期 甲基卡矿田德扯弄巴 四川雅江县 大型 甲基卡矿田烧炭沟 四川雅江县 超大型 燕山早期 容须卡 四川道孚县 中型 燕山早期 可尔因矿田李家沟 四川金川县 超大型 印支晚期 锂辉石为主，铍、铌钽和锡不发育；规模巨大 产状普遍较陡；分带性不发育；地表地质条件差，工作困难，有可能出现漏矿 可尔因矿田党坝 四川马尔康县 超大型 燕山早期 扎乌龙 四川石渠县 中型 燕山早期 琼嘉岗 喜马拉雅 预测超大型 喜山期 预测资源量大，找矿潜力大 生态脆弱，自然条件恶劣，开采成本大 可可托海3号脉 新疆富蕴县 中型 印支晚期及燕山早期 大红柳滩 新疆和田县 中型 印支晚期 大红柳滩南、卡拉、盘龙山 新疆和田县白龙山 超大型 印支晚期及燕山早期 花岗岩型/
锂云母正冲 湖南道县 大型 宜春钽铌矿
（414矿）江西宜春 超大型 燕山晚期 矿区经过多年开发利用，保有资源储量已严重不足 松树岗 江西横峰县 超大型 燕山期 大港 江西宜丰 大型 燕山期 找矿潜力大 同安 江西宜丰 大型 燕山期 化山 江西宜丰 大型 隐爆角砾岩型/锂云母 维拉斯托锡锂多
金属矿床内蒙古 大型 地下卤水型 江汉盆地 湖北 超大型 中新生代 盐湖卤水型/碳酸盐型 扎布耶盐湖 西藏 超大型 易于提取，开发利用成本低 受限于自然条件开发难度较大，产能增长缓慢 结则茶卡 西藏 超大型 规模较大且禀赋
优异盐湖卤水型/硫酸盐型 龙木错 西藏 超大型 储量巨大，品位高，杂质比较少 扎仓茶卡 西藏 大型 麻米错 西藏 大型 西台吉乃尔湖 青海 超大型 储量巨大 品位较低 东台吉乃尔湖 青海 超大型 一里坪湖 青海 超大型 盐湖卤水型/氯化物型 察尔汗湖 青海 超大型
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表 3 锂矿分类及典型矿床
Table 3. Classification and typical deposits of lithium ore
一级类型 二级类型 典型矿床 硬岩型 花岗岩型 江西宜春414 伟晶岩型 四川雅江甲基卡 卤水型 盐湖型 西藏扎布耶盐湖 地下卤水型 江汉盆地 黏土型 — 柴达木盆地
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表 4 中国主要盐湖锂矿床概况
Table 4. Overview of major salt lake lithium deposits in China
开采公司 盐湖
（液体矿）锂浓度/（mg/L） 镁锂比 所在地区 锂资源量
（LCE）/万t现有产能/
（万t/年）拟建产能/
（万t/年）西藏矿业 扎布耶 970~1120 0.01 中国西藏 184 1 1.2 藏格控股 察尔汗 10~191 1577 中国青海 1049 1 - 蓝科理业 1 2 盐湖比亚迪 - 3 青海东台吉乃尔
锂资源股份东台吉乃尔 440~850 36.4 249 2 - 中信国安 西台吉乃尔 265~310 67.9 269 3 2 五矿盐湖 一里坪 210 16 165 1 - 兴华理盐 大柴旦 160 125 30 1 - 注：数据来源于长江有色金属网， https://www.ccmn.cn/yszs/195156 。
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表 5 四川已取得采矿权的锂矿床状态
Table 5. Status of lithium deposits with mining rights obtained in Sichuan
矿床名称 状态 康定甲基卡 正在开采 德扯弄巴 已停产 雅江措拉 储备资源，尚未开采 阿坝李家沟 在建 马尔康党坝 已停产 业隆沟 正在开采
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