胶东半岛某金矿周边土壤重金属的污染特征、来源分析及风险评价

赵莉源; 孔令号; 赵志刚; 周文辉; 仇建东; 黄建桦; 耿百利; 杨茂森; 韩祥才; 李亚超; 顾松松; 赵明杰; 单凯

doi:10.12029/gc20230622001

胶东半岛某金矿周边土壤重金属的污染特征、来源分析及风险评价

1.
中国地质调查局烟台海岸带地质调查中心, 山东烟台264000

2.
自然资源部黄河入海口陆海交互作用野外科学观测研究站, 山东烟台264000

3.
中国地质调查局呼和浩特自然资源综合调查中心, 内蒙古呼和浩特010010

4.
中国地质调查局青岛海洋地质研究所, 山东青岛266071

5.
北京大学地球与空间科学学院, 北京100871

6.
山东省物化探勘查院, 山东济南250013

7.
黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区管理委员会, 山东东营257091

基金项目: 中国地质调查项目（ZD20220220、DD20230411、DD20230511、DD20242687）资助。

详细信息

作者简介: 赵莉源，男，1993年生，硕士，工程师，主要从事水文地质环境地质调查研究工作；E-mail：353840397@qq.com

通讯作者: 孔令号，男，1992年生，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事矿山生态环境及海岸带地质调查研究工作；E-mail：1245046910@qq.com。

中图分类号: X753; X53

收稿日期: 2023-06-22

修回日期: 2023-11-04

刊出日期: 2024-09-25

Pollution characteristics, source analysis and risk assessment of heavy metals in soil around a gold mine in Jiaodong Peninsula

1.
Yantai Coastal Zones Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China

2.
Observation and Research Station of Land−Sea Interaction Field in the Yellow River Estuary, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China

3.
Hohhot Natural Resources Comprehensive Survey Center, CGS, Huhhot 010010, Inner Mongolia, China

4.
Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China

5.
School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

6.
Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Prospecting, Jinan 250013, Shandong, China

7.
Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve Committee, Dongying 257091, Shandong, China

Fund Project: Supported by the projects of China Geological Survey (No.ZD20220220, No.DD20230411, No.DD20230511, No.DD20242687).

More Information

Author Bio: ZHAO Liyuan, male, born in 1993, master, engineer, engaged in hydrogeological and environmental geological survey research; E-mail: 353840397@qq.com .

Corresponding author: KONG Linghao, male, born in 1992, master, senior engineer, engaged in mine ecological environment and coastal geological investigation and research; E-mail: 1245046910@qq.com.

Received Date: 22 June 2023

Revised Date: 04 November 2023

Publish Date: 25 September 2024

摘要

摘要: 研究目的
本文采集了表层土壤样品34件，分析测定Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn、Ni等8种重金属元素含量；获取胶东半岛某金矿周边土壤重金属污染特征，分析土壤重金属来源并进行风险评价。
研究方法
运用相关性分析和主成分分析方法探索土壤重金属的来源，运用单项污染评价和地累积指数法确定其污染程度，采用潜在生态风险评价和人体健康风险评价的方法评估其风险。
研究结果
（1）全区仅存在3处点源污染，1处为Hg元素污染，2处为Cd元素污染；（2）元素Ni、Cr和As主要来自于土壤母质，元素Pb、Cd、Zn和Hg主要来自于矿业活动，Cu元素主要来自土壤母质和农业活动；（3）个别点状区域存在较高的潜在生态风险，风险主要来自于元素Hg和Cd，其他元素基本上不存在风险；（4）人体健康风险评价结果表明，全区土壤中的重金属元素未对人体产生明显的健康风险。
结论
该金矿周边的土壤受到了矿业活动的影响，并出现了点状污染，但程度较轻，风险可控，应当加强对该区域土壤重金属的监测和评价。
- 金矿 /
- 土壤重金属 /
- 污染程度 /
- 来源分析 /
- 风险评价 /
- 环境地质调查工程 /
- 胶东半岛
Abstract:
This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
Objective
This paper collected 34 surface soil samples to analyze and determine the concentrations of eight heavy metal, including Hg, Cd, As, Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, and Ni. The objective was to characterize the heavy metal pollution in the soil around a gold mine, identify the sources of heavy metals in the soil, and conduct a risk assessment.
Methods
Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to explore the sources of heavy metals in the soil. Single pollution evaluation and geo−accumulation index method were employed to determine the degree of pollution. Potential ecological risk assessment and human health risk assessment methods were utilized to evaluate the risks.
Results
(1) Only three point source pollutions were found in the study area: one for Hg contamination and two for Cd contamination. (2) Nickel, chromium, and arsenic mainly originated from soil parent materials, while lead, cadmium, zinc, and mercury primarily came from mining activities. Copper was derived from both soil parent materials and agricultural activities. (3) Some localized areas demonstrated high potential ecological risks, mainly due to Hg and Cd, while other elements posed minimal risks. (4) Human health risk assessment indicated that the heavy metal elements in the soil did not pose significant health risks to humans.
Conclusions
The soil around the gold mine was influenced by mining activities and exhibited localized pollution, albeit at a low level. The risks were manageable, but monitoring and assessment of heavy metals in this area should be strengthened.
- gold mine /
- soil heavy metal /
- pollution level /
- source analysis /
- risk assessment /
- environmental geological survey engineering /
- Jiaodong Peninsula

HTML全文

图 1 研究区位置和土壤样品采样点分布图

Figure 1.

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图 2 研究区土壤重金属元素含量和pH值分布图

Figure 2.

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图 3 研究区土壤重金属含量对比柱状图

Figure 3.

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表 1 重金属单项污染评价标准

Table 1. Evaluation standards of single factor

等级	重金属浓度（C_i）	污染水平
Ⅰ	C_i<S_i	无风险
Ⅱ	S_i≤C_i<G_i	风险可控
Ⅲ	C_i≥G_i	风险较高

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表 2 地累积指数污染程度分级

Table 2. Evaluation standards of the geological accumulation index assessment

地累积指数	级别	污染程度
I_geo<0	0	无污染
0≤I_geo<1	1	无污染到中度污染
1≤I_geo<2	2	中度污染
2≤I_geo<3	3	中度污染到强污染
3≤I_geo<4	4	强污染
4≤I_geo<5	5	强污染到极强污染
I_geo≥5	6	极强污染

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表 3 重金属潜在风险指数评价标准

Table 3. Evaluation standards of the potential ecological risk index

$ {E}_{r}^{i} $	潜在生态风险程度	RI	潜在生态风险程度
$ {E}_{r}^{i} $<40	轻微	RI<150	轻微
40≤$ {E}_{r}^{i} $<80	中等	150≤RI<300	中等
80≤$ {E}_{r}^{i} $<160	强	300≤RI<600	强
160≤$ {E}_{r}^{i} $<320	很强	600≤RI<1200	很强
$ {E}_{r}^{i} $≥320	极强	RI≥1200	极强

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表 4 重金属元素健康风险评价暴露因子参数

Table 4. Calculation parameters of human intake of heavy metals

参数		含义	单位	参考值		数据来源
参数		含义	单位	成人	儿童	数据来源
IngR		每日经口摄入土壤量	mg/d	100	200	USEPA，2011
InhR		每日呼吸吸入土壤量	m³/d	14.5	7.5
ABS		皮肤吸附因子	无量纲	0.01	0.01
ED		暴露年限	a	25	6
BW		平均体重	kg	56.8	15.9
AT	非致癌	平均暴露时长	d	9125	2190
AT	致癌	平均暴露时长	d	26280	26280
PEF		颗粒物释放因子	m³/kg	1.36×10⁹	1.36×10⁹
EF		暴露频率	d/a	350	350	环境保护部，2014
SL		皮肤黏着因子	mg/(cm²·d)	0.07	0.2	环境保护部，2014
SA		皮肤暴露面积	cm²	2011	1078	王喆等，2008

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表 5 土壤重金属不同暴露途径的RFD和SF

Table 5. Reference values of RFD and SF

元素	RFD/(mg·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹)			SF/(kg·d·mg⁻¹)
元素	经口摄入	呼吸吸入	皮肤接触	经口摄入	呼吸吸入	皮肤接触
As	3×10⁻⁴	1.5×10⁻⁵	3×10⁻⁴	1.5	4.3×10⁻³	1.5
Cd	1×10⁻³	1×10⁻⁵	2.5×10⁻⁵	6.1	6.3	6.1
Cr	3×10⁻³	2.55×10⁻⁵	7.5×10⁻⁵	—	42	—
Cu	4×10⁻²	—	4×10⁻²	—	—	—
Hg	3×10⁻⁴	3×10⁻⁴	2.1×10⁻⁵	—	—	—
Ni	2×10⁻²	2.3×10⁻⁵	8×10⁻⁴	—	0.84	—
Pb	3.5×10⁻³	3.5×10⁻³	5.3×10⁻⁴	—	—	—
Zn	3×10⁻¹	—	3×10⁻¹	—	—	—

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表 6 研究区土壤重金属含量特征

Table 6. Characteristics of soil heavy metal concentration in the study area

元素	最小值	最大值	平均值	标准差	变异系数/%	背景值（庞绪贵等， 2019）
As	1.13	9.19	4.53	2.57	56.82	6.4
Cd	0.03	0.396	0.098	0.077	78.62	0.117
Cr	14.8	95.3	38.54	16.26	42.19	57
Cu	4.55	41.5	18.05	11.12	61.59	26
Hg	0.00658	2.415	0.101	0.41	405.53	0.034
Hg*	0.00658	0.109	0.031	0.024	77.69	0.034
Ni	3.33	47.9	15.17	9.20	60.62	24.6
Pb	13.6	85.9	30.87	14.81	47.99	27.2
Zn	34	157	63.29	26.87	42.45	60.4
pH	4.75	8.08	6.31	0.91	14.49	6.45
注：Hg*为剔除单点高值异常后，对应的数值；含量单位为mg/kg。

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表 7 土壤重金属元素的Pearson相关性分析

Table 7. Pearson correlation analysis of soil heavy metals

相关性
	As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Hg	Ni	Pb	Zn	pH
As	1
Cd	−0.014	1
Cr	0.428*	0.003	1
Cu	0.043	0.341*	0.629**	1
Hg	−0.028	0.101	−0.012	0.288	1
Ni	0.458**	0.030	0.944**	0.524**	−0.034	1
Pb	−0.099	0.629**	−0.263	−0.121	0.023	−0.187	1
Zn	−0.079	−0.079	−0.043	0.150	0.319	0.037	0.815**	1
pH	−0.184	0.265	0.170	0.365*	0.012	0.135	0.079	0.120	1
注：*为在0.01 级别（双尾），相关性显著；为在0.05 级别（双尾），相关性显著。

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表 8 土壤重金属元素主成分分析

Table 8. Principal component analysis of soil heavy metals

指标	主成分1	主成分2	主成分3	主成分4
As	0.634	0.024	−0.557	−0.106
Cd	0.102	0.807	0.268	0.028
Cr	0.953	−0.101	0.133	0.023
Cu	0.615	0.081	0.528	0.396
Hg	−0.013	0.104	−0.026	0.965
Ni	0.945	−0.02	0.050	−0.026
Pb	−0.200	0.935	−0.050	−0.091
Zn	0.008	0.892	0.010	0.259
pH	0.122	0.135	0.843	−0.079
特征值	2.647	2.368	1.394	1.184
累积/%	29.411	55.725	71.219	84.373

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表 9 研究区土壤重金属元素非致癌日摄入量

Table 9. Non-carcinogenic daily intake of soil heavy metals in the study area

元素	ADD_iing		ADD_iinh		ADD_iderm		ADD
元素	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童
As	7.64×10⁻⁶	5.46×10⁻⁵	8.15×10⁻¹⁰	1.51×10⁻⁹	1.08×10⁻⁷	5.89×10⁻⁷	7.75×10⁻⁶	5.52×10⁻⁵
Cd	1.65×10⁻⁷	1.18×10⁻⁶	1.76×10⁻¹¹	3.25×10⁻¹¹	2.32×10⁻¹¹	1.27×10⁻¹¹	1.67×10⁻⁷	1.19×10⁻⁶
Cr	6.51×10⁻⁵	4.65×10⁻⁴	6.94×10⁻⁹	1.28×10⁻⁸	9.16×10⁻⁷	5.01×10⁻⁶	6.60×10⁻⁵	4.70×10⁻⁴
Cu	3.05×10⁻⁵	2.18×10⁻⁴	3.2×10⁻⁹	6.00×10⁻⁹	4.29×10⁻⁷	2.35×10⁻⁶	3.09×10⁻⁵	2.20×10⁻⁴
Hg	1.70×10⁻⁷	1.22×10⁻⁶	1.82×10⁻¹¹	3.36×10⁻¹¹	2.40×10⁻⁹	1.31×10⁻⁸	1.73×10⁻⁷	1.23×10⁻⁶
Ni	2.56×10⁻⁵	1.83×10⁻⁴	2.73×10⁻⁹	5.05×10⁻⁹	3.61×10⁻⁷	1.97×10⁻⁶	2.60×10⁻⁵	1.85×10⁻⁴
Pb	5.21×10⁻⁵	3.72×10⁻⁴	5.56×10⁻⁹	1.03×10⁻⁸	7.34×10⁻⁷	4.01×10⁻⁶	5.29×10⁻⁵	3.76×10⁻⁴
Zn	1.07×10⁻⁴	7.63×10⁻⁴	1.14×10⁻⁸	2.11×10⁻⁸	1.50×10⁻⁶	8.23×10⁻⁶	1.08×10⁻⁴	7.72×10⁻⁴
ADD	2.88×10⁻⁴	2.06×10⁻³	3.07×10⁻⁸	5.68×10⁻⁸	4.06×10⁻⁶	2.22×10⁻⁵	2.92×10⁻⁴	2.08×10⁻³

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表 10 研究区土壤重金属元素致癌日摄入量

Table 10. Carcinogenic daily intake of soil heavy metals in the study area

元素	ADD_iing		ADD_iinh		ADD_iderm		ADD
元素	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童
As	2.65×10⁻⁶	4.55×10⁻⁶	2.83×10⁻¹⁰	1.25×10⁻¹⁰	3.74×10⁻⁸	4.91×10⁻⁸	2.69×10⁻⁶	4.60×10⁻⁶
Cd	5.73×10⁻⁸	9.83×10⁻⁸	6.11×10⁻¹²	2.71×10⁻¹²	8.07×10⁻¹⁰	1.06×10⁻⁹	5.81×10⁻⁸	9.93×10⁻⁸
Cr	2.26×10⁻⁵	3.87×10⁻⁵	2.41×10⁻⁹	1.07×10⁻⁹	3.18×10⁻⁷	4.18×10⁻⁷	2.29×10⁻⁵	3.92×10⁻⁵
Ni	8.89×10⁻⁶	1.53×10⁻⁵	9.48×10⁻¹⁰	4.21×10⁻¹⁰	1.25×10⁻⁷	1.64×10⁻⁷	9.02×10⁻⁶	1.54×10⁻⁵
ADD	3.42×10⁻⁵	5.86×10⁻⁵	3.65×10⁻⁹	1.62×10⁻⁹	4.81×10⁻⁷	6.32×10⁻⁷	3.47×10⁻⁵	5.93×10⁻⁵

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表 11 研究区土壤重金属元素非致癌风险指数

Table 11. Non-carcinogenic risk index of soil heavy metals in the study area

元素	统计值	HQ_iing		HQ_iinh		HQ_iderm		HQ
元素	统计值	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童
As	平均值	2.55×10⁻²	1.82×10⁻¹	5.43×10⁻⁵	1.00×10⁻⁴	3.07×10⁻⁴	1.68×10⁻³	2.58×10⁻²	1.84×10⁻¹
As	最大值	5.17×10⁻²	3.69×10⁻¹	1.10×10⁻⁴	2.04×10⁻⁴	6.24×10⁻⁴	3.41×10⁻³	5.24×10⁻²	3.73×10⁻¹
Cd	平均值	1.65×10⁻⁴	1.18×10⁻³	1.76×10⁻⁶	3.25×10⁻⁶	9.29×10⁻⁵	5.08×10⁻⁴	2.60×10⁻⁴	1.69×10⁻³
Cd	最大值	6.69×10⁻⁴	4.78×10⁻³	7.13×10⁻⁶	1.32×10⁻⁵	3.76×10⁻⁴	2.06×10⁻³	1.05×10⁻³	6.85×10⁻³
Cr	平均值	2.17×10⁻²	1.55×10⁻¹	2.72×10⁻⁴	5.03×10⁻⁴	1.22×10⁻²	6.68×10⁻²	3.42×10⁻²	2.22×10⁻¹
Cr	最大值	5.36×10⁻²	3.83×10⁻¹	6.73×10⁻⁴	1.24×10⁻³	3.02×10⁻²	1.65×10⁻¹	8.45×10⁻²	5.50×10⁻¹
Cu	平均值	7.62×10⁻⁴	5.44×10⁻³	—	—	1.07×10⁻⁵	5.87×10⁻⁵	7.73×10⁻⁴	5.50×10⁻³
Cu	最大值	1.75×10⁻³	1.25×10⁻²	—	—	2.47×10⁻⁵	1.35×10⁻⁴	1.78×10⁻³	1.26×10⁻²
Hg	平均值	5.68×10⁻⁴	4.06×10⁻³	6.06×10⁻⁸	1.12×10⁻⁷	1.14×10⁻⁴	6.25×10⁻⁴	6.83×10⁻⁴	4.69×10⁻³
Hg	最大值	1.36×10⁻²	9.71×10⁻²	1.45×10⁻⁶	2.68×10⁻⁶	2.73×10⁻³	1.50×10⁻²	1.63×10⁻²	1.12×10⁻¹
Ni	平均值	1.28×10⁻³	9.15×10⁻³	1.19×10⁻⁴	2.19×10⁻⁴	4.51×10⁻⁴	2.47×10⁻³	1.85×10⁻³	1.18×10⁻²
Ni	最大值	4.04×10⁻³	2.89×10⁻²	3.75×10⁻⁴	6.93×10⁻⁴	1.42×10⁻³	7.79×10⁻³	5.84×10⁻³	3.74×10⁻²
Pb	平均值	1.49×10⁻²	1.06×10⁻¹	1.59×10⁻⁶	2.93×10⁻⁶	1.38×10⁻³	7.57×10⁻³	1.63×10⁻²	1.14×10⁻¹
Pb	最大值	4.14×10⁻²	2.96×10⁻¹	4.42×10⁻⁶	8.16×10⁻⁶	3.85×10⁻³	2.11×10⁻²	4.53×10⁻²	3.17×10⁻¹
Zn	平均值	3.56×10⁻⁴	2.54×10⁻³	—	—	5.01×10⁻⁶	2.74×10⁻⁵	3.61×10⁻⁴	2.57×10⁻³
Zn	最大值	8.83×10⁻⁴	6.31×10⁻³	—	—	1.24×10⁻⁵	6.80×10⁻⁵	8.96×10⁻⁴	6.38×10⁻³
HQ	平均值	6.52×10⁻²	4.66×10⁻¹	4.48×10⁻⁴	8.29×10⁻⁴	1.46×10⁻²	7.97×10⁻²	8.02×10⁻²	5.46×10⁻¹
HQ	最大值	1.02×10⁻¹	7.29×10⁻¹	1.07×10⁻³	1.98×10⁻³	3.27×10⁻²	1.79×10⁻¹	1.23×10⁻¹	8.39×10⁻¹

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表 12 研究区土壤重金属元素致癌风险指数

Table 12. Carcinogenic risk index of soil heavy metals in the study area

元素	统计值	CR_iing		CR_iinh		CR_iderm		CR
元素	统计值	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童
As	平均值	3.98×10⁻⁶	6.83×10⁻⁶	1.22×10⁻¹²	5.40×10⁻¹³	5.60×10⁻⁸	7.36×10⁻⁸	4.04×10⁻⁶	6.90×10⁻⁶
As	最大值	8.08×10⁻⁶	1.39×10⁻⁵	2.47×10⁻¹²	1.10×10⁻¹²	1.14×10⁻⁷	1.49×10⁻⁷	8.19×10⁻⁶	1.40×10⁻⁵
Cd	平均值	3.50×10⁻⁷	5.99×10⁻⁷	3.73×10⁻¹¹	1.65×10⁻¹¹	5.08×10⁻⁹	6.67×10⁻⁹	3.55×10⁻⁷	6.06×10⁻⁷
Cd	最大值	1.42×10⁻⁶	2.43×10⁻⁶	1.51×10⁻¹⁰	6.69×10⁻¹¹	2.06×10⁻⁸	2.70×10⁻⁸	1.44×10⁻⁶	2.45×10⁻⁶
Cr	平均值	—	—	1.01×10⁻⁷	4.49×10⁻⁸	—	—	1.01×10⁻⁷	4.49×10⁻⁸
Cr	最大值	—	—	2.50×10⁻⁷	1.11×10⁻⁷	—	—	2.50×10⁻⁷	1.11×10⁻⁷
Ni	平均值	—	—	7.97×10⁻¹⁰	3.53×10⁻¹⁰	—	—	7.97×10⁻¹⁰	3.53×10⁻¹⁰
Ni	最大值	—	—	2.51×10⁻⁹	1.12×10⁹	—	—	2.51×10⁻⁹	1.12×10⁻⁹
CR	平均值	4.33×10⁻⁶	7.43×10⁻⁶	1.02×10⁻⁷	4.52×10⁻⁸	6.10×10⁻⁸	8.01×10⁻⁸	4.49×10⁻⁶	7.55×10⁻⁶
CR	最大值	8.29×10⁻⁶	1.42×10⁻⁵	2.53×10⁻⁷	1.12×10⁻⁷	1.17×10⁻⁷	1.53×10⁻⁷	8.54×10⁻⁶	1.44×10⁻⁵

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表 13 水化学样品超标指标情况

Table 13. Quality of Hydrochemical Samples

点号	硫酸盐含量/(mg/L)	汞含量/(mg/L)
01	1022	0.000995
02	641	0.000395
03	363	0.000365
04	894	0.002295
标准限值	250	—
Ⅲ类水限值	—	0.0001
Ⅵ类水限值（灌溉水限值）	—	0.001
Ⅴ类水限值	—	0.001

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中国地质调查局中国地质科学院	主办
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胶东半岛某金矿周边土壤重金属的污染特征、来源分析及风险评价

作者简介: 赵莉源，男，1993年生，硕士，工程师，主要从事水文地质环境地质调查研究工作；E-mail：353840397@qq.com

通讯作者: 孔令号，男，1992年生，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事矿山生态环境及海岸带地质调查研究工作；E-mail：1245046910@qq.com。

Pollution characteristics, source analysis and risk assessment of heavy metals in soil around a gold mine in Jiaodong Peninsula

Author Bio: ZHAO Liyuan, male, born in 1993, master, engineer, engaged in hydrogeological and environmental geological survey research; E-mail: 353840397@qq.com .

Corresponding author: KONG Linghao, male, born in 1992, master, senior engineer, engaged in mine ecological environment and coastal geological investigation and research; E-mail: 1245046910@qq.com.

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