Carbon sink of soil inorganic carbon in arid regions and its contribution to carbon sequestration and emission reduction: A review
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摘要:
研究目的 干旱区土壤无机碳作为全球碳循环举足轻重的组成部分，其碳汇效应不容忽视。
研究方法 本文查阅了大量国内外干旱区土壤无机碳的相关文献，重点对土壤无机碳汇确认、碳库组成、来源识别，以及碳汇影响因素进行了系统性归纳总结。
研究结果 干旱区无机碳汇效应伴随着干旱区负通量研究得到确认，但其碳库组成十分复杂，包括了液相碳库与固相碳库。其中液相储库主要以可溶性碳酸盐形式赋存于干旱区地下水体；固相储库则为以固相碳酸盐矿物的形式赋存在土壤中，依据不同成因来源分为成岩碳酸盐与成土碳酸盐，后者又细分为碳质成土碳酸盐与硅质成土碳酸盐。成土碳酸盐中的硅质成土碳酸盐具备真正长期稳定的碳汇效应。无机碳汇的影响因素复杂，包括了自然的气候、土壤性质与深度、生物作用、成土母质、土壤有机质等因素，以及土地利用与土地覆盖、农业管理措施等人为因素。
结论 干旱区土壤无机碳对全球碳循环研究极其重要，当前研究主要聚焦在土壤无机碳来源分辨，碳汇效应强度确认与固碳潜力量化，以及影响因素明确与人为干预的可能性评估等方面。在实现“双碳目标”驱动下，查清干旱—半干旱地区土壤无机碳源汇过程与影响因素必将是未来的研究热点，也是解决“碳失汇”科学难题的突破点，极大地推动全球碳循环研究。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
Objective As a pivotal component of the global carbon cycle, the role of soil inorganic carbon in arid regions as a carbon sink cannot be ignored.
Methods This paper reviewed a large amount of literature related to soil inorganic carbon in arid regions at home and abroad, and focused on the confirmation of soil inorganic carbon carbon sink, carbon pool composition, source identification, and carbon sink influencing factors in a systematic summary.
Results The role of inorganic carbon carbon sinks in arid regions was confirmed along with the study of negative fluxes in arid regions, but the composition of its carbon pool is very complex, including liquid−phase carbon pools and solid−phase carbon pools. The liquid−phase reservoir is mainly in the form of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in the groundwater of the arid regions; the solid−phase reservoir is the solid−phase Soil Inorganic Carbon in the soil profile, which is divided into Lithogenic Carbonate and Pedogenic Carbonate according to different genetic sources, and the latter is subdivided into carbonaceous soil−forming carbonate and silicic soil−forming carbonate . The SPC in PC has a real long−term stable carbon sink. The factors influencing inorganic carbon sinks are complex, including natural factors: climate, soil properties and depth, biological effects, soil−forming parent material, soil organic matter, etc.; anthropogenic factors: land use and land cover, agricultural management measures (irrigation and fertilization), etc.
Conclusions Soil inorganic carbon in drylands is extremely important for global carbon sequestration, and current research focuses on the identification of soil inorganic carbon sources, confirmation of carbon sink strength and quantification of carbon sequestration potential, as well as the clarification of influencing factors and assessment of the possibility of human intervention. Driven by the goal of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, the identification of soil inorganic carbon sources and influencing factors will be a research hotspot in the future within the global region, especially in arid and semi−arid regions. It will be a breakthrough point to solve the scientific problem of "Missing carbon sink", which will greatly promote the research of Global Carbon Cycle.
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图 1 全球碳库与碳失汇示意图（据Lal，2019；Naorem et al., 2022修改）
Figure 1.
图 2 全球土壤无机碳密度分布图及其与年平均降水量低值区的相关性（据Zamanian et al., 2016修改）
Figure 2.
图 3 荒漠土壤CO2负通量的对比实验验证（据Ma et al., 2013修改）
Figure 3.
图 6 塔里木盆地土壤无机碳液相储库DIC淋溶传输（据Li et al., 2015）
Figure 6.
图 9 不同来源成土碳酸盐风化与固碳过程示意图（据Monger et al.，2015修改）
Figure 9.
图 10 碳酸盐世代分类示意图（据Monger et al.，2015修改）
Figure 10.
图 14 植物根系促进周围PC沉淀以及钙质根石（Rhizoliths）形成过程示意图（据Zamanian et al., 2016修改）
Figure 14.
表 1 全球干旱荒漠区CO2负通量报告统计（据Schlesinger，2017修改）
Table 1. Global negative CO2 flux reporting statistics for arid desert regions (modified from Schlesinger, 2017)
研究地点 年平均
降水量/
mm负通量/
(g C m−2 a−1)文献来源 墨西哥，下加利福尼亚州 174 39~52 Hastings et al., 2005 美国，莫哈韦沙漠 150 102~127 Jasoni et al., 2005；Wohlfahrt et al., 2008 中国，古尔班通古特沙漠 160 62~622 Xie et al., 2009 173 49 Liu et al., 2012 164 25 Ma et al., 2014 中国，宁夏 287 77 Jia et al., 2014 275 28 Liu et al., 2015a 中国，塔里木盆地 21 Li et al., 2015 
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表 2 基于δ13C值估算的不同地区土壤无机碳PC与LC占比
Table 2. Estimated percentage of soil inorganic carbon PC and LC in different regions based on δ13C values
地点 PC占比/
%PC含量/(g/kg) 文献来源 塔里木盆地阿拉尔垦区 1.33~35.7 1.34~56.36 李杨梅等，2018 内蒙古乌兰察布 17.4~83.6 42~177 张林等，2010 俄罗斯 20~50 / Morgun et al., 2008 俄罗斯 66.8~73.8 26.9~60.1 Ryskov et al., 2008 美国德克萨斯州 2~11，
9~20，
60~70，
17~100/ Nordt et al., 1998 美国德克萨斯州 40~90 / Rabenhorst et al., 1983 以色列 30~60 / Magaritz and Amiel, 1980
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表 3 基于87Sr/86Sr值估算的不同地区土壤无机碳SPC与CPC占比
Table 3. Soil inorganic carbon SPC and CPC shares in different regions estimated based on 87Sr/86Sr values
地点 PC钙源/SPC占比 成土母质 文献来源 定
性摩洛哥阿特拉斯 来自降水以及基岩风化 玄武岩 Hamidi et al., 2001 智利阿塔卡马沙漠 沿海地区主要来自海洋气溶胶输入（>50%)，
大陆内部主要来自基岩风化岩浆岩+灰岩+碎屑岩 Rech et al., 2003 印度西高止山脉 来自非钙质基岩风化以及风沙 片麻岩+花岗岩+绿岩 Durand et al., 2006 定
量西班牙两座火山岛 极少 岩浆岩+砂岩+风积物 Huerta et al., 2015 美国新墨西哥州 <2% 非钙质冲积物 Capo and Chadwick，1999 西班牙中部 2.7% ~ 7.8% 花岗岩 Chiquet et al., 1999 澳大利亚中南部 ~10% 花岗岩、玄武岩、角闪岩、绿岩、页岩 Dart et al., 2007 夏威夷岛 33% 玄武岩 Whipkey et al., 2000 美国西南部 39~58% 岩浆岩+灰岩 Naiman et al., 2000 印度南部 24%~82% 片麻岩+超镁质岩 Violette et al., 2010 喀麦隆远北地区 >50% 花岗岩+绿岩 Dietrich et al., 2017 注：定性指研究中基于87Sr/86Sr值推断PC的主要钙源，并未得到明确SPC占比的；定量指研究中基于87Sr/86Sr值得出明确SPC占比或来自硅酸岩风化钙源贡献比例的。
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表 4 不同深度土壤中土壤无机碳占比
Table 4. Percentage of soil inorganic carbon in soils at different depths
研究地点 不同深度SIC分布结论 文献来源 中国 1~3 m储量占比54.9%~88.5% Li et al., 2007 内蒙古 1~3 m储量占比>50% Wang et al., 2010 兰州 1~2 m储量占比50% Zhang et al., 2015 西班牙东南部 1~2 m储量占比51% Dı́az−Hernández et al., 2003 新疆 1 m以下储量占比>80%，3 m以下储量占比>50% Wang et al., 2013a 加拿大萨斯喀彻温省 深层土壤（C层）储量占比几乎100% Landi et al., 2003 内蒙古 0~30 cm、30~100 cm储量占比15%、85% Wang et al., 2013b 黄土高原 0~20 cm、20~50 cm、50~100 cm储量均值2.39、2.92、4.89 Pg Tan et al., 2014 新疆 0~30 cm、30~100 cm密度均值：耕地11.0、30.9 kg C m−2，灌木林地9.8、27.0 kg C m−2 Wang et al., 2015c 青藏高原 0~30 cm、0~50 cm、0~100 cm密度均值5.70、9.10、13.46 kg C m−2 Yang et al., 2010 黄河三角洲 0~20 cm、80~100 cm含量均值为10.48 g∙kg−1、12.72 g∙kg−1 Guo et al., 2016 伊朗西北部 表土平均含量（A层）：7.9%；深层平均含量（C层）：21.2% Raheb et al., 2017
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表 5 不同地区土壤无机碳与土壤有机碳相关性汇总
Table 5. Summary of correlation between soil inorganic carbon and soil organic carbon in different regions
研究地点 SIC与SOC
相关性结论文献来源 甘肃省河西走廊中部 正相关 Su et al., 2010 以色列贝特谢安 Tamir et al., 2012 内蒙古、西藏 Shi et al., 2012 新疆焉耆盆地 Wang et al., 2014 新疆焉耆盆地 Wang et al., 2015b 新疆焉耆盆地 Wang et al., 2015c 黄河三角洲 Guo et al., 2016 中国河北衢州
黄土高原Bughio et al., 2016
Tong et al., 2020室内实验 负相关 Demoling et al., 2007 宁夏 Liu et al., 2014 兰州 Zhang et al., 2015 云南 Li et al., 2016 黄土高原 Zhao et al., 2016 黑河流域 Yang et al., 2018 青藏高原 Du and Gao, 2020 内蒙古、西藏 不相关 Shi et al., 2012 华北平原 Lu et al., 2020 西班牙巴塞罗那 PC与SOC碳
同位素线性相关，
具备成因联系Rovira and Vallejo，2008 美国华盛顿州 Stevenson et al., 2005
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表 6 土地利用类型变化与不同土地覆盖对SIC的影响
Table 6. Effect of land use type change and different land cover on SIC
研究地点 研究结论 文献来源 黄土高原 耕地−草地：SIC减少 Liu et al., 2014 美国南部阿根廷潘帕斯草原 自然土地−灌溉耕地，SIC减少 Kim et al., 2020 俄罗斯库尔斯克 自然土地−灌溉耕地：SIC增加 Mikhailova and Post, 2006 新疆焉耆盆地 Wang et al., 2015b 新疆焉耆盆地 Wang et al., 2015c 美国西北部蛇河平原 Entry et al., 2004 中国 Wu et al., 2009 美国西南部 Nyachoti et al., 2019 新疆塔里木盆地 干旱盐碱地−灌溉耕地：SIC增加 Li et al., 2015 甘肃省河西走廊中部 沙地−灌木、林地、耕地：SIC增加 Su et al., 2010 华北平原 普通耕地−集约化种植耕地：SIC增加 Lu et al., 2020 综述 草地−耕地：SIC增加；沙地−林地：SIC增加；草地、耕地−林地：SIC减少 An et al., 2019 黄土高原 SIC密度：农田=草地>森林 Tan et al., 2014 中国 SIC密度：沙漠、草原>灌木丛、耕地>沼泽、森林、草甸 Mi et al., 2008 内蒙古 SIC密度：沙漠>灌木沙漠>灌木−草原>森林、草原 Wang et al., 2010 中国西北部黑河流域 SIC密度：温带草原>高山草甸 Yang et al., 2018
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表 7 灌溉对土壤SIC的影响及可能原因总结
Table 7. Summary of the effect of irrigation in soil SIC and possible causes
相关性 可能原因 相关文献 研究地点 正相关 灌溉提供溶液环境，加强生物活动，
输入钙镁离子以及DIC，促进PC形成Wu et al., 2009 中国 Zhang et al., 2015 兰州 Bughio et al., 2016 河北衢州 Entry et al., 2004 美国西北部蛇河平原 Li et al., 2015 新疆塔里木盆地 Wang et al., 2016 美国新墨西哥州 Nyachoti et al., 2019 美国西南部 负相关 低EC（碳酸钙不饱和）的大量灌溉
水易造成SIC溶解流失Wu et al., 2008 加利福尼亚 Schindlbacher et al., 2019 德国拜罗伊特市 Kim et al., 2020 美国南部大平原，
阿根廷潘帕斯草原
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