Research progress of rare earth element resources in Africa
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摘要:
稀土是现代高科技产业发展的关键金属，被世界主要经济体列为关键矿产资源。虽然中国稀土资源丰富，但2017年以来中国稀土资源进口量呈现出明显的上升趋势。总结中国稀土资源的进口数据，以及非洲稀土项目分布、储量及资源量、矿床类型、成矿时代、典型矿床特征及勘查投资等情况，以提升对非洲稀土资源的认识。研究表明，非洲稀土资源丰富，稀土氧化物的高级资源量超过1000×104 t，近年来勘探及开发进度提升迅速。稀土储量及资源量主要集中于坦桑尼亚等12个国家，成矿类型可划分为火成碳酸岩型及离子吸附型等8种（成矿时代跨度大），其中火成碳酸岩型和离子吸附型稀土矿床是目前勘探及开发的重点。非洲稀土矿床勘查投资规模2012年达到顶峰，之后持续下降，2017年降至低谷，2018年开始迅速反弹。未来，随着国际上稀土矿项目逐步投产，由中国主导全球稀土市场价格的局面将面临挑战。非洲稀土矿成矿条件优越，中资企业可利用地-采-选-冶的技术优势，积极引导并推动非洲稀土生产进入中国产业链。
Abstract:Rare earth elements are an essential part for modern high-tech development and have been listed as key mineral resources by major economies in the world.Since 2017, the import trend of rare earth element resources has increased significantly in China.This paper systematically composes and summarizes China's imported rare earth element resource data, distribution of rare earth projects, reserves and resources, deposit types, mineralization ages, typical deposit characteristics and exploration investment in Africa.Africa is rich in rare earth element resources, with advanced resources of rare earth oxides exceeding 10 million tons.In recent years, the exploration and development progress have been enhanced rapidly.The mineralization types can be divided into eight types(complex mineralization period), in which the reserves and resources are mainly concentrated in 12 countries, such as Tanzania, and the igneous carbonatite type and ion adsorption-type REE deposits are currently the focus of exploration and development.The largest exploration investment of rare earth element deposits in Africa occurred in 2012, then continued to decline, reaching a low point in 2017, and the exploration investment has grown very rapidly since 2018.With the gradual production of rare earth element minerals projects in the future internationally, China's dominant global rare earth element market prices will face competition.Rare earth element ore formation conditions are superior in African, and Chinese investment enterprises can use the technical advantages to actively guide and promote African rare-earth element production into our industrial chain.
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图 6 恩格拉碳酸岩杂岩体位置(a)及地质图(b)(据Witt et al., 2019修改)
Figure 6.
图 7 恩格拉碳酸岩杂岩体演化示意图(据Witt et al., 2019修改)
Figure 7.
图 8 帕拉博拉杂岩体位置(a)、地质简图(b)及勒柯普岩管图(c)(据Decrée et al., 2020修改)
Figure 8.
图 9 洛夫达尔侵入岩套位置(a)及地质图(b)(据Bodeving et al., 2017修改)
Figure 9.
图 10 Ambohimirahavavy碱性杂岩体位置(a)及地质图(b)(据Estrade et al., 2019修改)
Figure 10.
图 11 斯廷坎普斯克拉尔独居石矿床位置(a)、地质简图(b)及构造图(c)(据Basson et al., 2016修改)
Figure 11.
图 12 非洲稀土矿年度勘查投资规模(S&P Global Market Intelligence，2022)
Figure 12.
图 13 2007年以来稀土氧化物价格走势及预测(据Argus Media网站，2022)
Figure 13.
表 1 全球稀土资源禀赋和开发情况(USGS，2022)
Table 1. Global rare earth element resources and productions
国家和地区 产量/t 资源量/104 t 2020年 2021*年 中国 140000 168000 4400 美国 39000 43000 180 缅甸 31000 26000 —— 澳大利亚 21000 22000 400 泰国 3600 8000 —— 印度 2900 2900 690 马达加斯加 2800 3200 —— 俄罗斯 2700 2700 2100 越南 700 400 2200 巴西 600 500 2100 布隆迪 300 100 —— 格陵兰岛 —— —— 150 坦桑尼亚 —— —— 89 加拿大 —— —— 83 南非 —— —— 79 其他国家 100 300 28 注：表中数据为稀土氧化物量；“*”代表推断数据；“——”代表未获得数据 
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表 2 非洲主要稀土矿项目统计
Table 2. Statistical list of major rare earth element deposits in Africa
序号 中文名称 英文名称 国家 控股公司 高级资源量(含储量，氧化物) 开发状态 1 恩格拉 Ngualla 坦桑尼亚 匹克资源公司(澳大利亚) 428×104 t(重稀土占1%) 可行性研究 2 松尾山 Songwe Hill 马拉维 姆坎戈资源公司(加拿大) 29.74×104 t(重稀土占6.7%) 可行性研究 3 加卡拉 Gakara 布隆迪 彩虹稀土公司(英国) 3.3×104 t 在产 4 洛夫达尔 Lofdal 纳米比亚 日本石油天然气金属矿产资源机构 7.6×104 t(重稀土占75.2%) 详查 5 姆里马山 Mrima Hill 肯尼亚 太平洋野猫资源公司(加拿大) 214.3×104 t 详查 6 康甘昆德 Kangankunde 马拉维 林甸资源公司(澳大利亚) 10.7×104 t(重稀土占0.55%) 普查 7 维古山 Wigu Hill 坦桑尼亚 维塔尔金属公司(加拿大) 8.6×104 t 详查 8 马库图 Makuutu 乌干达 爱奥尼克稀土公司(澳大利亚) 0.73×104 t(重稀土占28.8%) 可行性研究 9 赞德科普锥弗特 Zandkopsdrift 南非 边境稀土公司(卢森堡) 165.75×104 t(重稀土占6.6%) 普查 10 斯廷坎普斯克拉尔 Steenkampskraal 南非 斯廷坎普斯克拉尔钍公司(挪威) 8.7×104 t(重稀土占8.0%) 普查 11 奥赞戈 Ozango 安哥拉 彭萨纳稀土公司(英国) 110×104 t(其中镨、钕氧化物含量23×104 t) 可行性研究 12 坦塔罗斯 Tantalus 马达加斯加 ISR投资公司(新加坡) 17.7×104 t(重稀土占37.3%) 详查
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表 3 非洲主要稀土矿床同位素年龄
Table 3. Isotopic ages of the rare earth element deposits in Africa
序号 中文名称 英文名称 国家 矿床类型 主要含稀土矿物 成矿年龄/Ma 测试方法 大地构造位置 资料来源 1 帕拉博拉 Phalaborwa 南非 火成碳酸岩 独居石、磷灰石和方解石 2060 锆石和斜锆石SIMS U-Pb测年 卡普瓦尔克拉通 Wu et al., 2011 2 恩格拉 Ngualla 坦桑尼亚 火成碳酸岩 氟碳钙铈矿、独居石和磷灰石 1943~1871 锆石SHRIMP U-Pb测年 乌本迪构造带 Tulibonywa et al., 2015 3 洛夫达尔 Lofdal 纳米比亚 火成碳酸岩 氟碳铈矿、独居石和磷钇矿 ~760 霞石正长岩的Rb-Sr全岩等时线测年，榍石及锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年 达马拉构造带 Hawkesworth et al., 1983；Jung et al., 2007；Wall et al., 2008 4 恩库姆瓦山 Nkombwa Hill 赞比亚 火成碳酸岩 氟碳铈矿和独居石 680 金云母Rb-Sr等时线测年 伊鲁米德构造带 Snelling，1965；Zambezi et al., 1997 5 加卡拉 Gakara 布隆迪 火成碳酸岩 氟碳铈矿和独居石 602~587 氟碳铈矿的138La-138Ba测年，氟碳铈矿和独居石LA-ICP-MS测年 开巴连构造带 Nakai et al., 1988 6 马林卡斯 Marinkas 纳米比亚 火成碳酸岩 磷灰石 567~520 白云母K-Ar测年和碱性花岗岩(未注明具体测试方法) 库布斯-不来梅火成岩省 Smithies et al., 1998 7 卡尔克费尔德 Kalkfeld 纳米比亚 火成碳酸岩 磷灰石 242 霞石正长岩Rb-Sr全岩等时线测年 达马拉构造带 Kramm et al., 2017 8 松尾山 Songwe Hill 马拉维 火成碳酸岩 磷灰石和氟碳钙铈矿 133 锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年 奇尔瓦成矿省 Broom-Fendley et al., 2017 9 康甘昆德 Kangankunde 马拉维 火成碳酸岩 独居石 123 金云母Rb-Sr等时线测年 奇尔瓦成矿省 Snelling，1965 10 熊猫山 Panda Hill 坦桑尼亚 火成碳酸岩 氟碳铈矿和磷灰石 113 金云母Rb-Sr等时线测年 乌本迪构造带 Snelling，1965；吴兴源等，2019 11 斯廷坎普斯克拉尔 Steenkampskraal 南非 花岗岩 独居石 1046 锆石SHRIMP U-Pb方法 布什曼兰德成矿省 Knoper，2010 12 布兰德山 Brandberg 纳米比亚 花岗岩 独居石 164~123 玄武岩和辉绿岩K-Ar测年 达马拉造山带 Siedner et al., 1968
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表 4 非洲主要国家稀土矿勘查投资规模
Table 4. Investment scale of rare earth element deposits exploration in major African countries
万美元 国家 2012年 2013年 2014年 2015年 2016年 2017年 2018年 2019年 2020年 2021年 安哥拉 30 10 —— 10 —— 60 100 360 230 580 博茨瓦纳 10 —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— 布隆迪 —— —— —— —— —— 10 100 100 100 80 加蓬 120 100 100 —— —— —— 190 —— —— —— 几内亚 10 —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— 肯尼亚 290 —— —— —— —— —— 10 —— —— —— 马达加斯加 —— —— —— —— —— —— —— 60 30 50 马拉维 500 140 150 50 20 —— 250 —— 200 300 莫桑比克 350 240 30 —— —— —— 20 —— —— —— 纳米比亚 1050 810 470 20 80 40 —— 50 20 540 南非 2260 1140 570 130 130 60 30 20 10 80 坦桑尼亚 1000 650 90 80 40 —— —— 50 —— —— 乌干达 —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— 90 230 赞比亚 0.2 —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— 津巴布韦 —— —— 100 —— —— —— —— —— —— —— 合计 5640 3090 1510 290 270 170 700 640 680 1860 注：数据据S&P Global Market Intelligence，2022；“——”代表未查询到数据
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