Geochemical characteristics of stream sediment in Tanzania and prospective analysis of gold resources
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摘要:
坦桑尼亚地形景观丰富，大部分地区基岩出露条件较好，水系发育。在坦桑尼亚开展国家尺度（1：100万）水系沉积物地球化学调查，首次查明了坦桑尼亚全国地球化学背景，明确了各元素分布区特定的地质地球化学意义。共采集4258件水系沉积物样品，采用ICP-MS、XRF等13种配套分析方法分析71种元素（化合物）的含量。分析结果表明，Au异常主要位于维多利亚湖区绿岩带内，在周边的活动带中存在富金地体的延伸。中温和中—高温成矿元素Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn和W、Sn、Mo、Nb、Ta异常主要分布在基巴拉锡成矿带、玛拉嘎拉西台地和新生代裂谷火山岩中；Ni、Co、Cr、V等元素异常主要分布于西部的玛拉嘎拉西台地、乌本迪带和新生代裂谷火山岩中，主要与基性—超基性岩体有关。共圈定金地球化学块体31处，金成矿远景区8处，采用地球化学块体法初步评价了金的资源潜力，为进一步在坦桑尼亚开展金矿及其他矿产勘查和基础研究提供了有利信息。
Abstract:Various landscapes are found in Tanzania.Bedrocks are well-exposed and streams are well-grained in most areas.This paper has ascertained the geochemical background of Tanzania, clarified the specific geological and geochemical significance of elements-rich area, by conducting national scale(1:1 000 000) stream sediment geochemical mapping.This work has collected 4258 samples in total.71 elements for each sample are analyzed by matched 13 analytic methods, including ICP-MS and XRF.The results show that the Au anomaly is distributed mainly in the greenstone belt of Lake Victoria, and there is a continuation of gold-rich terrain in the surrounding mobile belt.Medium and medium-high temperature metallogenic elements such as Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, W, Sn, Mo, Nb and Ta anomalies are mainly distributed in the Kibara tin metallogenic belt, Malagarasi platform and volcanic rocks of East African Rift System(EARS).The anomalies of Ni, Co, Cr and V are mainly related to mafic-ultramafic rocks which are located in the Malagarasi platform, Ubendian Mobile Belt and volcanic rocks of EARS.This study delineates 31 gold geochemical blocks and 8 gold metallogenic prospective areas, and gold resource potential is preliminaries evaluated by geochemical block method.It provides favorable information for development of gold and other mineral exploration and fundamental research in Tanzania.
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Key words:
- stream sediment /
- resource potential /
- Tanzania /
- geological survey engineering
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图 1 坦桑尼亚构造地质简图(据Leger et al., 2015)
Figure 1.
表 1 坦桑尼亚元素地球化学背景参数
Table 1. Summary characteristics of element concentration assay data in Tanzania
元素 最大值 最小值 算数平均值 标准差 变异系数 中位数 众数 几何平均值 几何离差 B 548.3 1.6 9.4 20.0 2.1 4.3 2.7 5.6 6.5 Sn 100.0 0.1 1.6 2.7 1.7 1.2 1.1 1.4 0.6 Ag 3.52 0.02 0.05 0.07 1.43 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.01 As 337.95 0.02 1.74 7.60 4.36 0.57 0.45 0.75 1.37 Sb 10.50 0.01 0.18 0.39 2.19 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.12 Bi 18.89 0.00 0.09 0.32 3.68 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.07 Hg 183.9 0.1 11.0 10.9 1.0 8.0 6.0 8.6 5.4 Se 3.54 0.01 0.12 0.20 1.70 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.08 Ge 2.9 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.2 Al2O3 29.5 0.2 7.8 4.7 0.6 7.1 6.6 6.2 3.7 SiO2 97.8 10.6 77.7 12.9 0.2 80.7 82.3 76.4 10.3 Fe2O3 50.8 0.0 3.5 5.1 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.8 2.7 P 8974 4 324 566 2 161 131 177 233 Ti 71185 120 3375 5189 2 1669 1837 1799 2525 Ba 3416 14 556 378 1 510 1061 416 295 Rb 452 1 47 41 1 36 10 32 29 Mn 10610 5 504 744 1 252 102 255 383 Cr 2112 2 51 89 2 26 7 27 38 V 1118 3 63 95 2 32 19 36 45 Ga 42 0 10 6 1 8 8 8 5 Br 150.8 0.1 1.9 4.5 2.3 1.0 0.3 1.1 1.3 Sr 2993 2 154 192 1 101 121 83 113 Zr 9097 27 286 438 2 181 82 188 183 Nb 615.1 0.8 18.3 31.6 1.7 10.3 3.6 10.5 12.8 Cl 24420 19 154 789 5 73 52 84 103 K2O 8.55 0.03 1.56 1.16 0.74 1.36 0.03 1.03 0.95 CaO 43.35 0.01 1.32 2.66 2.01 0.60 0.08 0.53 1.09 Na2O 14.18 0.03 1.03 1.03 1.01 0.69 0.08 0.58 0.76 MgO 13.96 0.00 0.47 0.79 1.67 0.21 0.04 0.22 0.38 La 811.30 1.13 30.67 53.53 1.75 14.19 16.70 16.05 22.82 Ce 7840.63 2.04 62.48 157.56 2.52 29.05 15.80 33.33 46.45 Pr 191.30 0.25 6.12 9.65 1.58 3.29 1.22 3.57 4.30 Nd 695.00 0.89 21.65 32.33 1.49 11.89 1.90 12.77 15.11 Sm 94.79 0.16 3.68 4.94 1.34 2.12 0.89 2.26 2.51 Eu 13.61 0.03 0.87 0.88 1.01 0.64 0.35 0.63 0.49 Gd 78.82 0.17 3.44 4.36 1.27 2.04 0.50 2.15 2.31 Tb 8.80 0.03 0.49 0.56 1.15 0.29 0.13 0.31 0.32 Dy 37.59 0.10 2.47 2.63 1.07 1.52 0.49 1.62 1.62 Ho 6.54 0.02 0.48 0.49 1.03 0.29 0.11 0.32 0.31 Er 18.47 0.07 1.42 1.44 1.01 0.89 0.38 0.95 0.92 Tm 2.61 0.01 0.22 0.22 0.98 0.14 0.10 0.15 0.14 Yb 17.05 0.08 1.43 1.40 0.98 0.92 0.49 0.98 0.91 Lu 8.45 0.01 0.23 0.25 1.11 0.15 0.10 0.16 0.14 Sc 53.64 0.01 5.78 5.99 1.04 4.23 1.85 3.41 3.89 Li 460.9 0.4 8.1 11.4 1.4 5.1 6.6 5.7 4.7 Be 13.99 0.03 1.06 1.02 0.96 0.81 1.07 0.76 0.60 Co 255.9 0.1 8.8 13.9 1.6 4.3 13.2 4.4 6.8 Ni 783.8 0.0 13.9 24.5 1.8 7.1 2.7 6.9 10.8 Cu 263.8 0.0 11.5 18.6 1.6 5.3 16.9 5.7 8.9 Zn 5023 1 33 118 4 17 15 19 24 Mo 35.61 0.01 0.53 1.05 1.96 0.26 0.13 0.29 0.39 Cs 169.6 0.0 1.0 2.8 2.8 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.7 W 25.68 0.02 0.51 0.86 1.68 0.28 0.06 0.28 0.37 Pb 696 1 14 14 1 12 11 12 6 Th 526 0 9 21 2 5 11 5 7 U 52.7 0.0 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.0 0.4 0.9 0.9 Y 239.0 0.1 12.8 13.3 1.0 8.1 3.0 8.6 8.2 Hf 237.4 0.5 5.7 7.5 1.3 3.9 2.5 4.1 3.3 Ta 145.7 0.1 1.3 4.7 3.5 0.5 0.3 0.6 1.0 Tl 3.411 0.006 0.307 0.243 0.792 0.243 0.068 0.226 0.172 In 0.83 0.00 0.03 0.03 1.16 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 Cd 99.28 0.00 0.12 2.23 19.18 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.11 Te 0.770 0.001 0.043 0.055 1.276 0.029 0.012 0.027 0.028 I 53.02 0.16 1.54 2.89 1.88 0.68 0.38 0.85 1.12 N 8024 34 353 450 1 201 134 242 219 F 72019 27 299 1765 6 163 132 176 198 S 37619 5 103 624 6 61 49 67 61 Total C 14.35 0.00 0.49 0.81 1.64 0.25 0.32 0.26 0.36 Pd 13.0 0.0 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.2 Pt 100.9 0.0 0.6 1.9 3.1 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 Au 532.31 0.07 1.29 11.75 9.12 0.58 0.33 0.63 0.89 注：主量元素含量单位为%，Hg、Au、Pt、Pd含量单位为10-9，其他元素含量单位为10-6 
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表 2 坦桑尼亚元素浓度克拉克值分布
Table 2. Enrichment factor for elements analyzed in Tanzania
K1值 K1 < 0.2 0.2≤K1 < 0.5 0.5≤K1 < 0.8 0.8≤K1 < 1.2 1.2≤K1 < 2.0 2.0≤K1 < 3.0 3.0≤K1 备注 元素 MgO P、Sr、CaO、Na2O、Sc、Li、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cs、S As、Bi、Ge、Al2O3、Rb、Mn、Cr、V、Ga、K2O、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu、Be、Y、Tl、In、F、Pt、Pd B、Sn、Ag、Sb、Ti、Ba、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Mo、W、Pb、U Hg、Se、SiO2、TFe2O3、Zr、Nb、Cl、Th、Hf、Cd、Au Ta Br、Te、I、N、Total C K1=元素算数平均值/克拉克值 元素 CaO、Na2O、MgO As、Bi、Al2O3、P、Ti、Rb、Mn、Cr、V、Ga、Sr、K2O、Nd、Sm、Eu、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu、Sc、Li、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cs、W、In、Cd、F、S B、Ag、Sb、Ge、TFe2O3、Ba、Cl、La、Ce、Pr、Gd、Be、Mo、Pb、U、Y、Tl、Au、Pt、Pd Sn、Se、Zr、Nb、Th、Hf、Ta Hg、SiO2 Br、Te、I、N、Total C K1=元素几何平均值/克拉克值
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表 3 地球化学异常模式谱系与规模分类(据Xie et al., 1993)
Table 3. Classification of geochemical patterns according to the sizes
规模/km2 地球化学异常模式谱系 0.n~n 局部异常 n×10~1000 区域异常 1000~10 000 地球化学省 地球化学块体 10 000~100 000 地球化学巨省 100 000~1 000 000 地球化学域 >1 000 000? 地球化学洲？
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表 4 坦桑尼亚金重要地球化学块体统计
Table 4. Gold geochemical blocks of Tanzania
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 异常编码 异常面积/km2 异常内样品数 异常内最大值/10-9 异常内最小值/10-9 异常内平均值/10-9 异常内中位数/10-9 背景值(总体中位数)/10-9 异常下限/10-9 异常内几何平均数/10-9 异常内离差 变异系数 异常强度 异常衬度 面金属量 规格化面金属量 金属总量/104 t 总资源量/t Au01 1501.71 5 26.57 0.313 5.906 0.625 0.582 1.11 1.24 10.34 1.75 10.15 5.32 8870 7991 2.39 65.26 Au02 4874.00 34 532.31 0.2185 18.180 0.548 0.582 1.11 1.01 89.79 4.94 31.24 16.38 88610 79829 23.92 651.95 Au03 2724.16 12 30.5377 0.45685 3.593 0.97021 0.582 1.11 1.23 8.17 2.27 6.17 3.24 9788 8818 2.64 72.01 Au04 4855.48 32 241.15 0.284 9.065 0.704 0.582 1.11 0.97 41.87 4.62 15.58 8.17 44015 39653 11.88 323.84 Au05 1590.26 8 9.718 0.763 2.193 1.0605 0.582 1.11 1.42 2.86 1.30 3.77 1.98 3488 3142 0.94 25.66 Au06 17385.00 148 294.57 0.241 8.452 1.1545 0.582 1.11 1.57 37.26 4.41 14.52 7.61 146936 132375 39.67 1081.08 Au07 2406.58 21 35.46 0.256 3.132 1.022 0.582 1.11 1.22 7.40 2.36 5.38 2.82 7537 6790 2.04 55.45 Au08 1876.67 17 3.06702 0.2598 1.510 1.24982 0.582 1.11 1.29 0.79 0.52 2.59 1.36 2834 2553 0.77 20.85 Au09 1261.14 9 3.6438 0.54182 1.396 0.93806 0.582 1.11 1.13 1.00 0.72 2.40 1.26 1760 1586 0.48 12.95 Au10 2360.81 18 3.152 0.549 1.480 1.3515 0.582 1.11 1.34 0.69 0.47 2.54 1.33 3493 3147 0.94 25.70 Au11 2219.25 22 15.54 0.34 1.932 0.815 0.582 1.11 1.01 3.29 1.70 3.32 1.74 4289 3864 1.16 31.55 Au12 1280.26 9 3.0446 0.4814 1.757 1.79592 0.582 1.11 1.52 0.85 0.48 3.02 1.58 2249 2026 0.61 16.55 Au13 813.27 2 5.443 0.812 3.128 3.1275 0.582 1.11 2.10 2.32 0.74 5.37 2.82 2543 2291 0.69 18.71 Au14 642.28 2 2.191 1.613 1.902 1.902 0.582 1.11 1.88 0.29 0.15 3.27 1.71 1222 1101 0.33 8.99 Au15 3864.91 26 31.657 0.323 2.559 0.983 0.582 1.11 1.16 5.98 2.34 4.40 2.31 9891 8910 2.67 72.77 Au16 1401.51 1 3.238 3.238 3.238 3.238 0.582 1.11 3.24 0.00 0.00 5.56 2.92 4538 4088 1.23 33.39 Au17 1060.12 8 12.9894 0.34216 2.318 0.67315 0.582 1.11 1.00 4.05 1.75 3.98 2.09 2458 2214 0.66 18.08 Au18 644.78 6 8.78 0.554 2.436 1.123 0.582 1.11 1.43 2.91 1.19 4.19 2.19 1571 1415 0.42 11.56 Au19 652.64 1 2.09 2.09 2.090 2.09 0.582 1.11 2.09 0.00 0.00 3.59 1.88 1364 1229 0.37 10.04 Au20 1991.52 5 6.32 0.323 2.953 2.11 0.582 1.11 1.77 2.41 0.82 5.07 2.66 5881 5298 1.59 43.27 Au21 10332.00 37 12.6 0.307 1.671 1.285 0.582 1.11 1.26 1.97 1.18 2.87 1.51 17270 15558 4.66 127.06 Au22 10810.90 65 136.1 0.514 4.751 0.998 0.582 1.11 1.31 17.89 3.76 8.16 4.28 51360 46271 13.87 377.88 Au23 2512.51 16 2.055 0.895 1.271 1.1175 0.582 1.11 1.24 0.31 0.24 2.18 1.15 3194 2878 0.86 23.50 Au24 6309.28 41 12.71 0.478 1.752 0.939 0.582 1.11 1.10 2.70 1.54 3.01 1.58 11053 9958 2.98 81.32 Au25 811.36 5 2.729 0.865 1.602 1.328 0.582 1.11 1.45 0.71 0.45 2.75 1.44 1299 1171 0.35 9.56 Au26 1664.49 18 4.695 0.553 1.564 1.155 0.582 1.11 1.33 1.01 0.64 2.69 1.41 2603 2345 0.70 19.15 Au27 869.44 5 5.978 0.442 1.997 1.088 0.582 1.11 1.28 2.05 1.02 3.43 1.80 1736 1564 0.47 12.77 Au28 871.53 2 5.799 0.487 3.143 3.143 0.582 1.11 1.68 2.66 0.85 5.40 2.83 2739 2468 0.74 20.15 Au29 600.82 5 2.429 1.24 1.767 1.592 0.582 1.11 1.71 0.47 0.27 3.04 1.59 1062 956 0.29 7.81 Au30 766.24 10 5.541 0.514 1.589 0.6715 0.582 1.11 1.03 1.79 1.12 2.73 1.43 1217 1097 0.33 8.96 Au31 1904.80 5 25.28 0.574 5.669 0.797 0.582 1.11 1.52 9.81 1.73 9.74 5.11 10798 9728 2.92 79.45 Total 92859.72 595 457669 412314 123.57 3367.30 注: 12—变异系数=11/6；13—异常强度=6/8；14—异常衬度=6/9；15—面金属量=2×6；16—NAP(规格化面金属量)=15/9；17—金属总量=15×2.7/10000;18—总资源量=17×0.002725(成矿率)
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