Exhumation and preservation of Bangbule Pb-Zn-Cu deposit in West Gangdese Tectonic Belt: evidence from fission track thermochronology
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摘要:
帮布勒铅锌铜矿床是近年在冈底斯构造带西段新发现的大型矽卡岩型矿床。采用低温热年代学方法，揭示帮布勒矿区的冷却和剥露历史，评估矿床保存情况，完善冈底斯构造带西段隆升剥露记录。结果显示，石英斑岩磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为24±2~32±3 Ma(1σ)，记录了矿区在渐新世时的冷却和剥露时间。热演化历史模拟表明，帮布勒矿区存在3期冷却事件：Ⅰ始新世—渐新世晚期(48~24 Ma)，冷却速率为4.56~10.64℃/Ma，与印度-欧亚大陆碰撞及碰撞后的地壳增厚有关；Ⅱ渐新世晚期—中新世中期(24~14 Ma)，冷却速率为0.38~1.9℃/Ma，与印度俯冲板块折返、断离有关；Ⅲ中新世中期至今(14 Ma至今)，冷却速率为2.28~9.88℃/Ma，与冈底斯构造带发育的南北向裂谷有关；其中5 Ma时，与冈底斯构造带普遍隆升有关。帮布勒矿区自始新世以来的剥露厚度为1.5~2.5 km，典中组火山岩的覆盖为矿床保存至今起到了保护作用。
Abstract:The Bangbule Pb-Zn-Cu deposit is a newly discovered large-scale skarn deposit in the western part of the Gangdese Tectonic Belt in recent years. In this study, the low-temperature thermochronology method was used to reveal the cooling and exhumation history of the Bangbule deposit, evaluate the preservation of the deposit, and improve the uplift and exhumation records of the western Gangdese Tectonic Belt. Apatite fission track age in quartz porphyry is 24±2 ~ 32±3 Ma (1σ), which indicates the rapid cooling and exhumation of Bangbule deposit during the Oligocene. The simulation of thermal evolution history shows that there are three stages of cooling events in the Bangbule deposit. (Ⅰ) From the Eocene to the Late Oligocene (48~24 Ma), the cooling rate was between 4.56℃/Ma and 10.64℃/Ma and the cooling event was related to the tectonic background of India-Eurasia collision and the post-collision crustal thickening; (Ⅱ) From Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene (24~14 Ma), the cooling rate ranges from 0.38℃/Ma to 1.9℃/Ma, which is related to the tectonic background of break-off of the Indian subducted plate.(Ⅲ) From the Middle Miocene to the present (14 Ma to present), the cooling rate is between 2.28℃/Ma and 9.88℃/Ma, which is related to tectonic background of the north-south rift developed in the Gangdese Tectonic Belt.The cooling event was related to the general uplift of the Gangdese Tectonic Belt since 5 Ma ago. The exhumation thickness of the Bangbule deposit since the Eocene is between 1.5~2.5 km. The cover of the volcanic rocks of the Dianzhong Formation has played a protective role in the preservation of the deposit.
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Key words:
- West Gangdese /
- Bangbule deposit /
- fission track /
- thermal evolution history /
- deposit preservation
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图 1 青藏高原构造分区简图(a)和冈底斯构造带地质单元简图(b)(据Zhu et al., 2011；唐宇等，2022修改)
Figure 1.
图 6 冈底斯构造带低温年龄分布图(a) (据Wan et al., 2021修改)、低温年龄-经度关系图(b)和低温年龄-海拔关系图(c)(图中数据来自Pan et al., 1993; Copeland et al., 1995; Yuan et al., 2002; 袁万明等，2001；2002a, b; Gallagher et al., 2003; Zhao et al., 2003; 袁万明等，2007; Li et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2016; 葛玉魁，2016；Ge et al., 2017; 赵珍等, 2017; Wan et al., 2021)
Figure 6.
表 1 磷灰石裂变径迹分析结果
Table 1. The analytical results of apatite fission track
样品号 海拔/m 颗粒数 ρs/(105·cm-2)
(Ns)ρi /(105·cm-2)
(Ni)ρd/(105·cm-2)
(Nd)P/%
(χ2)中值年龄/Ma(±1σ) 组合年龄/Ma(±1σ) L/μm
(N)L01-B10 5550 42 2.526 (553) 20.177 (4417) 12.630 (5750) 96.2 31±2 31±2 13.0±1.6 (99) ZK3502LB-1 5460 42 0.792 (132) 6.248 (1041) 13.029 (5750) 96.5 32±3 32±3 12.2±1.9 (85) ZK3502LB-3 5360 42 0.879 (157) 8.880 (1587) 13.492 (5750) 100.0 26±3 26±3 12.6±1.9 (55) ZK3502LB-5 5250 42 1.010 (145) 11.482 (1649) 13.840 (5750) 100.0 24±2 24±2 12.7±2.9 (15) ZK3502LB-7 5150 42 1.157 (237) 8.860 (1815) 11.870 (5750) 100.0 30±3 30±3 12.5±1.6 (73) 注：AFT-磷灰石裂变径迹；ρs—自发径迹密度；Ns—自发径迹数目；ρi—诱发径迹密度；Ni—诱发径迹数目；ρd—标准玻璃径迹密度；Nd—标准玻璃径迹数量；误差为1σ；P(χ2)-χ2检验；Zeta =391±17.8；L-平均径迹长度；N-径迹数目 
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表 2 帮布勒矿区冷却速率与剥露厚度
Table 2. Cooling rate and exhumation of Bangbule deposit
样品号 快速冷却 缓慢冷却 剥露厚度/km 阶段/Ma 速率/mm·a-1 阶段/Ma 速率/mm·a-1 L01-B10 36~28
14~00.15v 0.06 28~14 0.02 2.39 ZK3502LB-01 48~42
5~00.12
0.2042~5 0.02 2.50 ZK3502LB-03 5~3
3~00.26
0.1130~12
12~50.02
0.051.49 ZK3502LB-05 14~7 0.21 34~14
7~00.01
0.021.86 ZK3502LB-07 41~38
8~00.18
0.1038~15
15~80.03
0.022.13
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