Geological Background, Metallogenic Characteristics and Ore Genesis of the KempirsayChromite Resource Base in the Ural, Kazakhstan
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摘要:
铬铁矿是中国极为短缺的战略性矿产，哈萨克斯坦乌拉尔肯皮赛铬铁矿资源基地是全球最大的豆荚状铬铁矿产地。笔者系统总结了肯皮赛铬铁矿资源基地的地质背景、蛇绿岩特征及成矿类型，并对基地的开发现状进行了梳理。肯皮赛铬铁矿资源基地位于乌拉尔造山带南部，伴随寒武纪—三叠纪古乌拉尔洋形成演化，大量蛇绿岩地体残存于乌拉尔造山带内，形成一系列豆荚状铬铁矿床。肯皮赛地块出露完整的蛇绿岩层序，地幔橄榄岩以方辉橄榄岩和纯橄岩为主，发育高铝型和高铬型两类富铬铁矿。其中，高铝型铬铁矿形成于早泥盆世（或更早）MOR环境下；而高铬型铬铁矿形成于晚泥盆世洋内俯冲环境下（SSZ），是俯冲带流体与残留地幔橄榄岩交代反应后形成的熔体与围岩（地幔橄榄岩）发生熔岩反应的产物。肯皮赛铬铁矿资源基地铬铁矿探明储量约3亿t，年产铬铁矿和铬铁合金约700万t和169万t，主要用于出口。中国应不断加强与哈萨克斯坦的铬铁矿资源潜力调查、勘查开发及产能合作。
Abstract:China ranks at the top in chromium consumption and stainless steel production, yet due to the limited domestic reserve and mine production of chromite ore, the current supply of chromium relies on the main imports from South Africa. Meanwhile, Kazakhstan has a leading position in chromite reserves and mining, mainly from the Kempirsay chromite resource base. On account of the above, this contribution provides an exhaustive summary of the geological background, ophiolites, metallogenic characteristics, the deposit’s genetic types, and the development status of the resource base. The Kempirsay chromite resource base is tectonically located in the Kempirsay massif of southern Urals. Many ophiolites were produced and preserved in the Ural orogenic belt during the opening and closure of the Ural paleo–ocean in the Cambrian to Triassic and host a series of podiform chromite deposits. The Harzburgites and dunites dominate the mantle peridotites, which are outcropped in a complete ophiolite sequence of the Kempirsay massif. Two kinds of chromitite have been found: the high–Al type in the Early Devonian (or earlier) MOR setting and the high–Cr type in the Late Devonian Supra–subduction zone(SSZ). The latter chromitite was formed in the reaction between the melt derived from residual mantle peridotites metasomatized by subduction fluids with depleted mantle during the intra–ocean subduction process. The estimated chromite reserve of the Kempirsay resource base is approximately 300 million tons, forming an annual chromite ore production of 7 million tons. Over half of the 1.69 million tons of ferrochrome production is exported to China. In summary, the Kempirsay chromite resource base in the Ural of Kazakhstan has favorable metallogenetic conditions and progressive mining activities. Thus, China should endeavor to strengthen cooperation with Kazakhstan in the potential resource investigation, exploration, mining of chromite resources, and related industry capacity.
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Key words:
- podiform chromite /
- ophiolite /
- ore genesis /
- Kempirsay chromite resource base /
- Ural orogenic belt /
- Kazakhstan
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图 1 乌拉尔造山带构造简图及蛇绿岩分布图（构造分区据李三忠等，2016；Puchkov，2017修改）
Figure 1.
图 3 哈萨克斯坦肯皮赛地块地质简图及铬铁矿分布图（据Melcher et al.，1997修改）
Figure 3.
图 4 肯皮赛与世界典型蛇绿岩的岩性柱状示意图（图上厚度未按比例）（据Melcher et al.，1997；Rizeli et al.，2016；陈艳虹等，2018；Rollinson et al.，2018； Pirajno et al.，2020修改）
Figure 4.
表 1 哈萨克斯坦乌拉尔肯皮赛铬铁矿资源基地主要矿山统计表
Table 1. Main mines in Kempirsay chromite resource base of Ural, Kazakhstan
矿业项目 矿山 储量/矿石量（Mt） 资源量/矿石量（Mt） 平均品位/%（Cr2O3） 产量/矿石量（Mt） 所有者 顿斯克伊 十周年 158.1 202.4 49.9 2.5 哈萨克斯坦铬业公司 青年 3.1 4.1 50.4 2.3 南方 0.6 0.6 51.7 0.6 佩沃麦斯克耶 3 0.3 7号异常 0.2 41.2 沃斯克霍德 沃斯克霍德 19 48.5 1.05 土耳其伊德勒姆集团 合计 183.8 207.3 6.75 注： 数据来源于哈萨克斯坦铬业公司、土耳其伊德勒姆公司以及标普数据库（截至2021年底）。 
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