Genesis of Kalqiaer Super–large Fluorite Zone in Altyn Tagh Area: Chronology, Rare Earth Elements and Sr–Nd Isotopes Constraints
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摘要:
阿尔金卡尔恰尔一带近年来萤石找矿取得重大突破，新发现卡尔恰尔、小白河沟、库木塔什、拉依旦北、盖吉克等多处萤石矿，形成超大型萤石矿带。矿带内萤石矿与肉红色碱长花岗岩关系密切，矿化主要赋存于岩体内外接触带附近，赋矿围岩主要为阿尔金岩群中的黑云斜长片麻岩、碳酸盐岩等富钙质岩系，矿体明显受北东向断裂构造控制，矿石类型主要有脉状、角砾状、块状、条带状矿石，矿物组成主要是萤石、方解石，矿床成因类型属于热液充填型。LA–ICP–MS锆石U–Pb测试结果表明，卡尔恰尔超大型萤石矿区与成矿有关的碱长花岗岩成岩年龄为（455.8±2）Ma，结合区域成岩成矿年代学研究，认为该萤石矿带形成于加里东期中—晚奥陶世，为挤压造山转变成伸展构造背景下岩浆活动的产物。矿区片麻状钾长花岗岩锆石U–Pb年龄为（914.5±4.1）Ma，形成于新元古代早期，与 Rodinia 超大陆汇聚事件有关。稀土元素特征显示，卡尔恰尔、小白河沟、库木塔什3个矿床的萤石、方解石稀土元素配分模式均为右倾的LREE富集型，具有明显的负Eu异常，与成矿岩体、围岩地层十分相似，表明萤石、方解石的稀土可能继承了岩体、地层的稀土配分模式。各矿床萤石均为热液成因，表现出同源同期成矿流体的特征，成矿环境为还原条件下的中低温环境。各矿区萤石Sr–Nd同位素组成显示成矿物质来源于地壳，结合成矿特征初步认为Ca可能主要来源于岩浆热液对地层的淋滤萃取，而F可能主要来源于成矿岩体碱长花岗岩。
Abstract:In recent years, great breakthroughs have been made in fluorite prospecting of Altyn–Tagh which new discovery of the super–large fluorite ore belt in the Kalqiaer area. The typical fluorite ore deposits such as Kalqiaer, Xiaobaihegou, Kumutashi, Layidan and Gaijike are closely related to and mainly distributed in the outer contact zones of the flesh red alkali feldspar granite. The host rocks are mainly biotite plagioclinal gneiss and carbonate rocks in Altyn rock group. Their orebodies obviously controlled by NE direction fault structure and the main ore types are veined, brecciated, massive and banded ore which major minerals are fluorite and calcite. The genesis of the deposit belongs to hydrothermal filling deposit. Zircon LA–ICP–MS dating yields concordant ages of 455.8±2 Ma for the alkali feldspar granite in the Kalqiaer super–large fluorite deposit which indicating it was formed in the Middle to late Ordovician and was the product of magmatic activity in the transitional tectonic setting from the compressional to extensional segimes. Gneissic potassium feldspar granite obtains the concordant age of 914.5±4.1 Ma respectively indicating it was formed in the early Neoproterozoic and related to the convergence event of the Rodinia supercontinent. The rare earth element characteristics show that the distribution pattern of rare earth in fluorite and calcite was a rightward light rare earth enrichment type, with negative Eu anomalies. The REE patterns of fluorite and calcite are similar to the ore–forming rock and ore–hosting strata, indicating a genetic relationship. Fluorite deposits in Kalqiaer area are hydrothermal origin, showing the characteristics of homologous and homochronous ore–forming fluids, and the ore–forming environment is medium–low temperature under reducing conditions. The Sr–Nd isotopic composition of fluorite in Kalqiaer area shows that the ore–forming materials are all derived from the crust. It is suggested that Ca may be mainly derived from the leaching extraction of the strata by magmatic hydrothermal, while F element may be mainly derived from alkali feldspar granite.
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Key words:
- fluorite deposit /
- zircon U–Pb dating /
- rare earth elements /
- Sr–Nd isotopes /
- Kalqiaer /
- Altyn Tagh
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图 8 卡尔恰尔一带萤石Tb/Ca−Tb/La图与La/Ho−Y/Ho图（底图据Moller et al.，1976; Bau et al.，1995）
Figure 8.
图 9 卡尔恰尔一带萤石的La/Yb−ΣREE与（Y+La）−Y/La图解（底图据Allegre et al.，1978）
Figure 9.
表 1 卡尔恰尔萤石矿区碱长花岗岩的锆石LA–ICP–MS U–Pb分析结果表
Table 1. LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb isotopic data of alkali feldspar granite in Kaerqiaer fluorite deposit
测试点 Th U Th/U 207Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U 207Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U （×10-6） 比值 1σ 比值 1σ 比值 1σ Ma 1σ Ma 1σ Ma 1σ KJ01 100 343 0.29 0.0564 0.0021 0.5734 0.0210 0.0737 0.0009 469.0 82.6 460.2 13.5 457.5 5.1 KJ02 137 271 0.51 0.0569 0.0023 0.5760 0.0221 0.0734 0.0009 487.3 86.2 461.9 14.3 456.9 5.3 KJ03 223 457 0.49 0.0553 0.0014 0.5580 0.0136 0.0733 0.0007 422.1 55.8 450.2 8.9 456.0 4.2 KJ04 105 233 0.45 0.0567 0.0020 0.5721 0.0189 0.0732 0.0008 479.0 75.0 459.4 12.2 455.6 4.9 KJ05 364 1095 0.33 0.0588 0.0013 0.5896 0.0122 0.0727 0.0007 561.0 47.4 470.6 7.8 452.5 4.0 KJ06 151 333 0.45 0.0541 0.0019 0.5515 0.0184 0.0739 0.0008 376.3 76.1 446.0 12.1 455.8 4.9 KJ07 137 282 0.49 0.0592 0.0024 0.5975 0.0229 0.0733 0.0009 572.9 84.2 475.6 14.6 456.0 5.3 KJ08 206 369 0.56 0.0547 0.0021 0.5513 0.0205 0.0731 0.0009 400.1 83.6 445.8 13.4 455.0 5.1 KJ09 143 256 0.56 0.0552 0.0025 0.5639 0.0246 0.0741 0.0010 420.0 97.5 454.0 16.0 451.0 5.7 KJ10 152 430 0.35 0.0551 0.0019 0.5646 0.0182 0.0744 0.0008 416.5 72.8 454.5 11.8 452.3 4.9 KJ11 127 277 0.46 0.0574 0.0019 0.5796 0.0184 0.0732 0.0008 508.1 71.3 464.2 11.8 455.6 4.8 KJ12 149 325 0.46 0.0569 0.0020 0.5774 0.0192 0.0736 0.0008 488.1 75.2 462.8 12.4 457.9 4.9 KJ13 164 398 0.41 0.0569 0.0016 0.5771 0.0158 0.0736 0.0008 487.1 62.6 462.6 10.2 457.8 4.5 KJ14 199 370 0.54 0.0559 0.0016 0.5674 0.0158 0.0736 0.0008 449.1 63.3 456.3 10.2 458.0 4.5 KJ15 258 678 0.38 0.0550 0.0015 0.5550 0.0144 0.0732 0.0007 412.1 58.9 448.3 9.4 455.6 4.4 KJ16 101 509 0.20 0.0577 0.0016 0.5878 0.0151 0.0739 0.0007 519.0 58.1 469.4 9.6 456.6 4.4 KJ17 168 488 0.34 0.0570 0.0016 0.5799 0.0151 0.0739 0.0007 489.0 59.9 464.4 9.7 453.6 4.5 KJ18 233 432 0.54 0.0561 0.0016 0.5697 0.0156 0.0737 0.0008 455.6 62.3 457.8 10.1 455.5 4.5 KJ19 462 797 0.58 0.0565 0.0014 0.5729 0.0136 0.0736 0.0007 470.2 54.9 459.9 8.8 458.0 4.3 KJ20 293 472 0.62 0.0570 0.0017 0.5767 0.0160 0.0735 0.0008 488.8 63.4 462.3 10.3 457.2 4.6 KJ21 170 495 0.34 0.0553 0.0016 0.5630 0.0155 0.0738 0.0008 425.9 62.3 453.4 10.0 454.2 4.5 KJ22 188 415 0.45 0.0575 0.0017 0.5846 0.0164 0.0738 0.0008 510.8 63.5 467.4 10.5 457.9 4.6 
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表 2 卡尔恰尔萤石矿区片麻状钾长花岗岩的锆石LA–ICP–MS U–Pb分析结果表
Table 2. LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb isotopic data of gneissic feldspar granite in Kaerqiaer fluorite deposit
测试点 Th U Th/U 207Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U 207Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U （×10-6） 比值 1σ 比值 1σ 比值 1σ Ma 1σ Ma 1σ Ma 1σ KC01 158 440 0.36 0.0685 0.0017 1.3024 0.0298 0.1380 0.0014 883.4 49.1 846.8 13.1 853.5 7.8 KC02 24 305 0.08 0.0705 0.0017 1.5206 0.0348 0.1566 0.0016 941.9 48.7 938.7 14.0 938.0 8.8 KC03 100 407 0.25 0.0689 0.0015 1.4817 0.0305 0.1561 0.0015 895.4 44.4 922.9 12.5 935.2 8.4 KC04 229 443 0.52 0.0698 0.0014 1.4771 0.0269 0.1538 0.0015 920.9 39.3 921.0 11.0 922.0 8.1 KC05 140 401 0.35 0.0685 0.0014 1.4364 0.0280 0.1523 0.0015 882.9 42.1 904.2 11.7 913.8 8.2 KC06 64 260 0.25 0.0686 0.0016 1.4725 0.0335 0.1559 0.0016 886.6 48.6 919.2 13.8 933.7 8.8 KC07 97 291 0.33 0.0737 0.0016 1.6255 0.0340 0.1601 0.0016 1033.7 44.1 980.1 13.1 957.1 8.8 KC08 28 90 0.32 0.0760 0.0030 2.0298 0.0760 0.1939 0.0026 1094.5 75.8 1125.6 25.5 1142.6 14.1 KC09 137 435 0.31 0.0705 0.0014 1.4788 0.0279 0.1522 0.0014 943.4 40.7 921.7 11.4 913.5 8.1 KC10 27 485 0.05 0.0698 0.0014 1.4277 0.0269 0.1485 0.0014 922.4 40.7 900.6 11.3 892.5 7.9 KC11 79 360 0.22 0.0700 0.0016 1.4820 0.0313 0.1536 0.0015 929.0 45.2 923.0 12.8 921.3 8.5 KC12 175 765 0.23 0.0686 0.0013 1.3880 0.0248 0.1469 0.0014 886.9 39.0 883.8 10.5 883.3 7.7 KC13 270 677 0.40 0.0703 0.0013 1.4973 0.0250 0.1546 0.0014 938.1 36.4 929.3 10.2 926.4 8.0 KC14 84 297 0.28 0.0694 0.0016 1.4965 0.0336 0.1566 0.0016 909.9 47.9 928.9 13.7 937.8 8.8 KC15 103 489 0.21 0.0710 0.0014 1.4375 0.0259 0.1469 0.0014 958.6 38.9 904.7 10.8 883.5 7.8 KC16 135 212 0.64 0.1106 0.0019 4.7430 0.0752 0.3114 0.0030 1808.6 31.0 1774.9 13.3 1747.6 14.7 KC17 103 747 0.14 0.0710 0.0012 1.5322 0.0247 0.1566 0.0014 958.0 35.1 943.4 9.9 938.0 8.0 KC18 51 367 0.14 0.0877 0.0016 2.4895 0.0415 0.2061 0.0020 1375.5 34.0 1269.0 12.1 1208.2 10.5 KC19 80 468 0.17 0.0688 0.0014 1.4277 0.0265 0.1506 0.0014 893.2 40.2 900.6 11.1 904.5 8.0 KC20 102 533 0.19 0.0701 0.0013 1.4933 0.0258 0.1546 0.0014 932.5 37.4 927.7 10.5 926.5 8.1
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表 3 卡尔恰尔（KE）、小白河沟（XB）、库木塔什（KM）矿床的萤石、方解石稀土元素组成表（ 10−6）
Table 3. Rare earth element data of fluorites and calcites from the Kaerqiaer, Xiaobaihegou and Kumutashi deposit
矿物 样号 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y ΣREE LREE HREE LREE/HREE （La/Yb）N δEu δCe 萤
石KE-1 6.04 12.9 1.85 8.61 2.28 0.32 2.40 0.39 2.32 0.46 1.21 0.19 1.11 0.16 31.5 40.24 32.00 8.24 3.88 3.90 0.42 0.94 KE-2 6.40 12.2 1.86 8.31 2.29 0.32 2.34 0.38 2.28 0.46 1.18 0.18 1.04 0.16 32.0 39.40 31.38 8.02 3.91 4.41 0.42 0.86 KE-3 8.64 18.0 2.72 11.9 3.18 0.46 3.63 0.58 3.38 0.70 1.85 0.27 1.65 0.23 47.6 57.19 44.90 12.29 3.65 3.76 0.41 0.90 KE-4 5.76 12.9 1.92 9.40 2.78 0.37 2.96 0.51 2.89 0.58 1.58 0.23 1.39 0.21 47.3 43.48 33.13 10.35 3.20 2.97 0.39 0.95 XB-1 6.40 14.1 2.12 9.38 2.62 0.40 2.88 0.47 2.71 0.55 1.44 0.20 1.28 0.18 38.3 44.73 35.02 9.71 3.61 3.59 0.44 0.93 XB-2 7.81 18.8 2.98 15.0 4.26 0.57 4.80 0.78 4.56 0.93 2.42 0.36 2.20 0.32 68.6 65.79 49.42 16.37 3.02 2.55 0.38 0.96 XB-3 6.63 14.7 2.39 11.5 3.57 0.45 3.66 0.61 3.63 0.78 2.02 0.30 1.85 0.26 59.5 52.35 39.24 13.11 2.99 2.57 0.38 0.90 KM-1 16.5 32.7 4.21 11.7 2.89 0.51 2.71 0.44 2.37 0.46 1.19 0.16 1.02 0.15 31.1 81.01 72.51 8.50 8.53 11.6 0.55 0.94 KM-2 10.2 15.4 1.80 6.67 1.64 0.26 1.80 0.30 1.64 0.30 0.78 0.10 0.54 0.07 31.5 41.50 35.97 5.53 6.50 13.55 0.46 0.81 方
解
石KE-1 69.9 165 18.4 66.6 11.8 1.41 8.89 1.48 8.02 1.61 4.75 0.85 5.44 0.87 40.5 365.02 333.11 31.91 10.44 9.22 0.40 1.10 KE-2 77.7 180 20.7 74.6 13.7 1.62 10.3 1.77 8.53 1.78 5.13 0.85 5.76 0.98 46.6 403.42 368.32 35.10 10.49 9.68 0.40 1.08 KE-3 83.5 213 25.1 96.8 18.1 2.15 13.9 2.52 13.5 2.67 7.74 1.34 8.64 1.44 73.7 490.40 438.65 51.75 8.48 6.93 0.40 1.13 XB-1 103 245 28.5 98.8 18.5 2.26 15.8 2.60 13.2 2.80 8.31 1.48 9.74 1.58 70.5 551.57 496.06 55.51 8.94 7.59 0.39 1.09 XB-2 158 378 43.3 144 26.5 2.94 20.0 3.41 17.2 3.47 9.91 1.72 11.5 1.95 91.7 821.90 752.74 69.16 10.88 9.86 0.37 1.10 XB-3 80.1 202 22.8 83.3 15.4 1.82 12.3 2.21 10.8 2.26 6.97 1.26 8.42 1.39 64.4 451.03 405.42 45.61 8.89 6.82 0.39 1.14 KM-1 68.5 162 18.3 66.8 13.0 1.46 9.77 1.62 9.12 1.73 5.07 0.85 5.70 0.92 45.8 364.84 330.06 34.78 9.49 8.62 0.38 1.10 KM-2 74.7 160 18.9 64.3 12.6 1.28 8.87 1.59 7.70 1.51 4.21 0.72 4.72 0.72 37.2 361.82 331.78 30.04 11.04 11.35 0.35 1.02 KM-3 69.5 158 17.8 62.2 12.0 1.33 9.01 1.65 8.76 1.70 4.83 0.83 5.66 0.94 43.0 354.21 320.83 33.38 9.61 8.81 0.38 1.07 KM-4 75.1 163 19.9 65.2 12.4 1.31 9.17 1.56 7.65 1.54 4.29 0.74 4.88 0.76 40.8 367.50 336.91 30.59 11.01 11.04 0.36 1.01
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表 4 卡尔恰尔（KE）、小白河沟（XB）、库木塔什（KM）矿床的萤石Sr−Nd同位素组成表
Table 4. Sr−Nd isotopic composition of fluorites from Kaerqiaer, Xiaobaihegou and Kumutashi deposit
样号 Rb/10-6 Sr/10-6 87Rb/86Sr 87Sr/86Sr Sm/10-6 Nd/10-6 147Sm/144Nd 143Nd/144Nd KE-1 0.05 343 0.00039 0.71005 1.77 6.55 0.1633 0.511987 KE-2 0.03 340 0.00029 0.71005 1.83 6.82 0.1626 0.511917 KE-3 0.04 342 0.00036 0.71007 1.79 6.48 0.1672 0.511932 KE-4 0.05 342 0.00041 0.71008 1.83 6.71 0.1655 0.511975 KE-5 0.06 342 0.00046 0.71009 1.78 6.40 0.1682 0.512040 KE-6 0.05 343 0.00046 0.71004 1.80 6.49 0.1678 0.512036 XB-1 0.26 264 0.00287 0.71025 2.62 9.36 0.1696 0.511930 XB-2 0.13 293 0.00131 0.71015 2.60 9.45 0.1664 0.511919 XB-3 0.18 368 0.00145 0.71025 3.26 11.88 0.1659 0.512039 XB-4 0.16 399 0.00118 0.71023 2.98 10.68 0.1688 0.512062 XB-5 0.21 375 0.00161 0.71036 3.94 14.15 0.1684 0.512061 KM-1 1.30 199 0.01878 0.70950 1.32 3.90 0.2044 0.512071 KM-2 0.02 261 0.00025 0.70952 1.29 3.88 0.2002 0.512061 KM-3 0.02 208 0.00029 0.70955 1.32 3.94 0.2024 0.512044
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