Geochronology, Geochemistry and Their Geological Significances of Spodumene Pegmatite Veins in the Dahongliutandong Deposit, Western Kunlun, China
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摘要:
西昆仑地区是中国重要的伟晶岩型锂铍成矿带，近年来在大红柳滩一带取得重大找矿突破，已形成大型矿产资源基地。笔者对西昆仑大红柳滩东锂辉石花岗伟晶岩进行了详细的岩相学、年代学和地球化学研究，能够为本区伟晶岩型锂矿成矿作用研究提供新的依据。利用LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb定年，获得大红柳滩东含锂辉石钠长花岗伟晶岩及含锂辉石电气石花岗伟晶岩年龄分别为（205.2±1.4）Ma和（205.0±2.6）Ma，形成时代为晚三叠世。岩石地球化学研究表明，大红柳滩东含锂辉石花岗伟晶岩以高Si、富Al、富Na、钙碱质，高分异，低K、Fe、Mg、Ca和Ti为特征，属强过铝质花岗伟晶岩。岩石明显富集Rb、U、Nb、Ta、Pb、P、Hf等元素，亏损Ba、Th、La、Ce、Pr、Sr、Nd、Sm、Ti等元素；稀土总量较低，∑REE值为0.56×10−6～3.34×10−6，具有弱−中等的负铕异常，δEu值为0.30～0.89。大红柳滩东伟晶岩均具有低且负的εHf(t)值（–4.6～0）和古老的二阶段Hf模式年龄TDM2（1497～1208 Ma），反映其源岩为古老地壳物质的部分熔融。结合西昆仑地区已有年代学资料和区域地质构造演化特征，认为大红柳滩一带伟晶岩矿床形成于南昆仑地体与甜水海地体后碰撞背景下。
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关键词:
- 地球化学 /
- 花岗伟晶岩 /
- LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb定年 /
- 大红柳滩东 /
- 西昆仑
Abstract:West Kunlun is an important pegmatite−type Li−Be metallogenic belt in China. In recent years, a great breakthrough in prospecting has been made in Dahongliutan area, and a large mineral resource base has been formed. In this paper, detailed researches on petrography, geochronology and geochemistry of the spodumene granite pegmatites in Dahongliutandong, West Kunlun, can provide a new basis for the study of pegmatite−type lithium mineralization in this area. By using LA−ICP−MS zircon U−Pb dating, the ages of spodumene−bearing albite pegmatite and spodumene−bearing tourmaline granite pegmatite in the Dahongliutandong are 205.2±1.4Ma and 205.0±2.6Ma, respectively, in the Late Triassic. Geochemical study shows that spodumene−bearing granite pegmatites in the Dahongliutandong is characterized by high Si, rich Al, Na, calc−alkali, high differentiation and low K, Fe, Mg, Ca and Ti, and belongs to strongly peraluminous granite pegmatite. The pegmatites are obviously rich in elements such as Rb, U, Nb, Ta, Pb, P, Hf, but depleting in elements such as Ba, Th, La, Ce, Pr, Sr, Nd, Sm and Ti. The total amount of rare earth is low, with ∑REE of 0.56×10−6～3.34×10−6, weak−medium negative Eu anomaly and δEu of 0.30～0.89. The pegmatites in the Dahongliutandong have low and negative εHf(t) values (–4.6～0) and the old two−stage Hf model age TDM2 (1497～1208 Ma), which indicates that their source rocks are from partial melting of ancient crustal materials. Based on the chronological data and the evolution characteristics of regional geological structure in West Kunlun, it is considered that pegmatite deposits in Dahongliutan area were formed in the background of post-collision between South Kunlun terrane and Tianshuihai terrane.
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Key words:
- geochemistry /
- granite pegmatites /
- zircon LA−ICP−MS U−Pb dating /
- Dahongliutandong /
- West Kunlun
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图 1 西昆仑造山带地质简图及锂铍矿床分布图（据王核等，2021；Yan et al.，2022）
Figure 1.
图 7 大红柳滩东锂辉石花岗伟晶岩的（K2O+Na2O）−SiO2（a）（据Middlemost，1994）及A/CNK−A/NK图解（b）（Mania et al.，1989）
Figure 7.
图 8 大红柳滩东锂辉石花岗伟晶岩的微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图（a）及稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线图（b）（标准化数值据Sun et al.，1989）
Figure 8.
表 1 大红柳滩东锂辉石花岗伟晶岩LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb测年结果
Table 1. LA−ICP−MS zircon U−Pb data for Dahongliutandong spodumene pegmatites
样品编号 含量（10−6） Th/U 207Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U 207Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U Pb* Th U 比值 1σ 比值 1σ 比值 1σ 年龄（Ma） 1σ 年龄（Ma） 1σ 年龄（Ma） 1σ HXUPb01（含锂辉石钠长花岗伟晶岩） 1 2390.9 2755.9 68709.3 0.040 0.0493 0.0006 0.2218 0.0022 0.0327 0.0003 164.2 26.8 203.4 1.8 207.1 1.7 2 98.9 126.8 2900.4 0.044 0.0519 0.0011 0.2275 0.0046 0.0319 0.0003 279.9 48.9 208.1 3.8 202.1 2.0 3 586.1 51.0 16707.8 0.003 0.0527 0.0006 0.2386 0.0021 0.0329 0.0003 317.0 24.2 217.2 1.7 208.4 1.7 5 192.2 6.2 5682.3 0.001 0.0521 0.0006 0.2277 0.0021 0.0317 0.0003 289.9 25.2 208.3 1.7 201.5 1.6 7 2655.5 192.5 76296.6 0.003 0.0489 0.0006 0.2208 0.0022 0.0328 0.0003 144.0 27.4 202.5 1.8 207.9 1.7 10 70.7 166.5 1983.7 0.084 0.0527 0.0009 0.2400 0.0037 0.0331 0.0003 314.8 38.4 218.4 3.1 209.9 1.9 11 57.3 4.2 1705.4 0.002 0.0517 0.0007 0.2249 0.0025 0.0316 0.0003 272.5 28.8 206.0 2.0 200.5 1.7 12 77.1 7.9 2201.7 0.004 0.0510 0.0006 0.2311 0.0024 0.0329 0.0003 240.9 27.7 211.1 2.0 208.8 1.7 15 103.5 7.4 2998.2 0.002 0.0544 0.0009 0.2392 0.0037 0.0320 0.0003 386.2 37.4 217.8 3.0 202.8 1.8 16 45.8 13.4 1318.2 0.010 0.0513 0.0007 0.2298 0.0027 0.0325 0.0003 254.6 30.9 210.1 2.3 206.4 1.7 17 629.6 60.6 18112.3 0.003 0.0501 0.0006 0.2253 0.0024 0.0326 0.0003 200.9 28.3 206.3 2.0 207.0 1.7 18 263.3 26.9 7326.3 0.004 0.0543 0.0006 0.2494 0.0024 0.0334 0.0003 382.8 25.3 226.1 1.9 211.6 1.7 19 4399.2 1254.7 127321.8 0.010 0.0506 0.0005 0.2255 0.0020 0.0324 0.0003 223.0 24.3 206.5 1.6 205.3 1.7 20 115.3 21.7 3340.8 0.006 0.0552 0.0007 0.2432 0.0024 0.0320 0.0003 419.7 25.9 221.0 2.0 203.0 1.7 21 120.0 55.9 3460.9 0.016 0.0517 0.0009 0.2305 0.0038 0.0324 0.0003 271.0 41.1 210.6 3.2 205.5 1.9 22 464.4 91.6 13671.9 0.007 0.0512 0.0006 0.2245 0.0022 0.0318 0.0003 249.6 26.1 205.6 1.8 202.1 1.7 24 128.0 8.0 3732.4 0.002 0.0539 0.0007 0.2369 0.0024 0.0319 0.0003 365.9 27.0 215.9 2.0 202.6 1.7 25 1440.0 291.9 42465.6 0.007 0.0528 0.0006 0.2305 0.0020 0.0317 0.0003 321.3 23.9 210.6 1.7 201.1 1.6 26 168.2 16.6 4838.9 0.003 0.0522 0.0006 0.2342 0.0022 0.0326 0.0003 291.8 25.4 213.6 1.8 206.9 1.7 27 164.4 18.7 4741.4 0.004 0.0520 0.0011 0.2315 0.0044 0.0324 0.0003 283.9 46.7 211.5 3.7 205.3 2.0 28 272.2 16.5 7818.8 0.002 0.0545 0.0006 0.2430 0.0022 0.0324 0.0003 392.4 24.1 220.9 1.8 205.3 1.7 30 71.9 11.6 2101.6 0.005 0.0513 0.0007 0.2270 0.0026 0.0321 0.0003 254.2 29.7 207.8 2.1 203.9 1.7 HXUPb02（含锂辉石电气石花岗伟晶岩） 2 180.0 27.3 5228.3 0.005 0.0544 0.0006 0.2403 0.0024 0.0320 0.0003 387.5 25.5 218.6 1.9 203.2 1.7 3 244.6 3.2 7122.3 0.000 0.0518 0.0006 0.2298 0.0023 0.0322 0.0003 276.2 26.8 210.0 1.9 204.1 1.7 4 103.9 3.2 3129.5 0.001 0.0525 0.0006 0.2247 0.0022 0.0311 0.0003 305.7 25.6 205.8 1.8 197.2 1.6 5 358.7 52.7 10329.3 0.005 0.0537 0.0009 0.2369 0.0035 0.0320 0.0003 356.2 36.6 215.8 2.9 203.1 1.8 8 1544.6 125.6 44470.6 0.003 0.0482 0.0005 0.2174 0.0020 0.0327 0.0003 108.4 25.6 199.7 1.7 207.5 1.7 10 130.1 32.6 3805.5 0.009 0.0495 0.0006 0.2190 0.0022 0.0321 0.0003 173.3 27.3 201.1 1.9 203.5 1.7 11 367.4 57.6 10581.2 0.005 0.0536 0.0006 0.2380 0.0022 0.0322 0.0003 353.7 24.9 216.7 1.8 204.3 1.7 12 74.9 3.5 2115.0 0.002 0.0534 0.0007 0.2429 0.0028 0.0330 0.0003 347.1 29.1 220.8 2.3 209.1 1.8 13 83.1 4.4 2339.3 0.002 0.0538 0.0007 0.2448 0.0028 0.0330 0.0003 363.5 29.5 222.3 2.3 209.1 1.8 14 126.0 1191.0 3668.3 0.325 0.0546 0.0014 0.2341 0.0055 0.0311 0.0003 394.1 54.8 213.6 4.5 197.5 2.1 18 138.2 295.6 3892.2 0.076 0.0480 0.0012 0.2169 0.0049 0.0328 0.0003 98.6 56.7 199.3 4.1 207.8 2.2 19 61.5 5.2 1697.1 0.003 0.0504 0.0006 0.2362 0.0026 0.0340 0.0003 214.7 28.6 215.3 2.1 215.3 1.8 20 199.3 26.0 5839.1 0.004 0.0550 0.0007 0.2389 0.0025 0.0315 0.0003 413.3 26.7 217.5 2.1 199.8 1.7 21 1250.6 128.4 34010.7 0.004 0.0556 0.0006 0.2587 0.0023 0.0338 0.0003 434.8 23.4 233.6 1.8 214.1 1.7 22 173.6 14.5 5015.0 0.003 0.0556 0.0007 0.2451 0.0027 0.0319 0.0003 437.9 27.9 222.6 2.2 202.7 1.7 23 222.8 8.9 6163.0 0.001 0.0551 0.0008 0.2522 0.0033 0.0332 0.0003 416.1 32.0 228.4 2.7 210.5 1.8 24 176.3 22.9 5071.3 0.005 0.0501 0.0013 0.2222 0.0052 0.0321 0.0004 201.3 56.7 203.7 4.3 203.9 2.2 29 221.1 13.2 6537.8 0.002 0.0526 0.0006 0.2274 0.0021 0.0313 0.0003 312.1 24.6 208.0 1.7 198.9 1.6 
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表 2 大红柳滩东锂辉石花岗伟晶岩主量元素（%）、稀土和微量元素（10–6）分析结果
Table 2. Results of major elements (%), REE and trace elements (10–6) of Dahongliutandong spodumene pegmatites
样品号 HX-H3 HX-H4 HX-H5 HX-H8 HX-H10 HX-H13 HX-H14 HX-H15 HX-H16 HX-H17 岩性 含锂辉石钠长花岗伟晶岩 含锂辉石电气石花岗伟晶岩 SiO2 72.60 72.32 76.00 77.58 77.29 75.25 78.26 76.97 79.68 74.75 TiO2 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Al2O3 18.24 18.10 16.26 15.21 15.45 17.04 14.64 15.01 13.34 17.33 Fe2O3 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.24 0.29 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.01 FeO 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.20 MnO 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.12 0.12 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.10 0.06 MgO 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.02 CaO 0.15 0.16 0.14 0.28 0.26 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.30 0.22 Na2O 5.51 5.46 4.76 2.45 2.70 4.62 4.37 4.60 4.10 4.78 K2O 0.94 1.83 1.13 0.73 0.96 0.27 0.29 1.75 0.32 0.47 P2O5 0.20 0.12 0.14 0.35 0.37 0.23 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.23 LOI 0.77 1.16 0.73 0.68 0.76 0.39 0.31 0.47 0.44 0.20 Total 98.74 99.52 99.42 97.82 98.34 98.35 98.64 99.45 98.78 98.27 A/CNK 1.76 1.61 1.75 2.85 2.60 2.03 1.84 1.52 1.75 1.98 Sc 4.92 4.15 3.14 2.56 2.14 4.37 3.69 2.48 3.12 4.40 Ga 28.20 30.70 26.00 23.60 25.10 22.00 18.70 16.80 17.60 20.70 W 0.58 0.50 0.44 0.64 0.67 0.51 0.39 0.58 0.38 0.51 Bi 0.40 0.36 0.30 0.56 1.62 0.12 0.32 0.55 0.15 0.15 V 2.04 2.35 1.31 0.69 0.34 0.45 0.23 0.13 0.28 0.75 Li 6520.00 3280.00 4780.00 10700.00 9600.00 9650.00 7500.00 4570.00 6420.00 9080.00 Be 126.00 40.10 34.60 136.00 126.00 234.00 225.00 238.00 265.00 24.00 B 11.30 14.40 12.20 12.00 12.00 7.72 7.42 11.10 8.33 9.19 Rb 403.00 843.00 476.00 216.00 305.00 80.30 68.50 399.00 81.10 107.00 Cs 31.90 32.70 22.40 13.30 13.30 10.20 10.50 18.30 18.60 4.10 Ba 12.40 15.90 8.78 7.58 3.29 5.72 3.81 5.92 4.33 2.82 Th 0.32 0.65 0.67 0.29 0.25 0.14 0.10 0.10 0.19 0.09 U 11.40 12.90 11.80 4.32 8.56 7.62 3.90 4.55 8.42 2.74 Ta 113.00 97.70 74.70 43.00 29.70 37.20 20.60 21.00 32.00 18.20 Nb 99.20 64.70 58.40 93.20 59.90 82.20 56.80 85.00 85.80 46.60 Pb 7.08 7.56 6.21 6.97 6.67 9.01 9.06 16.90 11.40 8.42 Sr 19.30 16.70 18.00 31.80 26.80 29.00 32.00 42.30 41.10 19.40 Zr 29.70 25.20 28.20 21.20 6.97 9.36 5.86 3.22 28.90 4.33 Hf 4.28 3.59 3.83 2.33 0.96 0.95 0.55 0.32 3.01 0.80 Cu 10.70 12.40 8.06 1.59 1.37 1.77 1.52 1.42 1.25 1.85 Zn 23.40 25.80 27.80 74.10 69.90 25.30 40.20 80.20 72.00 87.10 Sn >200 >200 108.00 193.00 160.00 178.00 34.50 38.50 >200 41.00 Y 0.76 0.62 0.69 0.60 0.27 0.32 0.30 0.32 0.46 0.12
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续表2 样品号 HX-H3 HX-H4 HX-H5 HX-H8 HX-H10 HX-H13 HX-H14 HX-H15 HX-H16 HX-H17 岩性 含锂辉石钠长花岗伟晶岩 含锂辉石电气石花岗伟晶岩 La 0.54 0.70 0.50 0.28 0.20 0.19 0.16 0.22 0.12 0.14 Ce 0.99 1.32 0.89 0.53 0.35 0.33 0.28 0.37 0.19 0.20 Pr 0.13 0.14 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.02 Nd 0.48 0.52 0.36 0.20 0.12 0.14 0.12 0.15 0.08 0.07 Sm 0.13 0.17 0.17 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.03 Eu 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 Gd 0.17 0.16 0.18 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.03 Tb 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 Dy 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.03 Ho 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Er 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 Tm 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Yb 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 Lu 0.008 0.007 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.002 ΣREE 2.81 3.34 2.54 1.45 0.96 0.98 0.84 1.06 0.71 0.56 LREE/HREE 4.49 6.25 4.06 3.91 4.01 3.53 3.22 4.17 2.00 5.35 LaN/YbN 7.31 11.41 8.15 5.74 5.98 5.68 4.41 6.31 3.74 8.37 δEu 0.53 0.50 0.30 0.47 0.45 0.56 0.66 0.78 0.40 0.89 δCe 0.92 1.03 0.98 1.01 0.98 0.96 0.96 0.91 0.87 0.88 LaN/SmN 2.68 2.66 1.90 2.58 2.39 2.23 2.52 2.63 1.38 3.01 GdN/YbN 2.65 3.01 3.38 2.03 1.90 2.27 1.69 2.12 2.45 1.72
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表 3 大红柳滩东锂辉石花岗伟晶岩锆石Lu−Hf同位素组成
Table 3. Zircon Lu−Hf isotopic compositions of Dahongliutandong spodumene pegmatites
测点号 t（Ma） 176Yb/177Hf 176Lu/177Hf 176Hf/177Hf 2σ （176Hf/177Hf）i εHf（t） 2σ TDM1（Ma） TDM2（Ma） fLu/Hf HXUPb01（含锂辉石钠长花岗伟晶岩） 1 207.1 0.001632 0.000032 0.282626 0.000010 0.282626 −0.6 0.4 820 1247 −1.00 2 202.1 0.004044 0.000080 0.282629 0.000012 0.282629 −0.6 0.4 816 1243 −1.00 3 208.4 0.001964 0.000039 0.282620 0.000010 0.282620 −0.8 0.3 828 1260 −1.00 7 207.9 0.003916 0.000064 0.282548 0.000012 0.282548 −3.4 0.4 924 1422 −1.00 10 209.9 0.002892 0.000060 0.282613 0.000008 0.282613 −1.0 0.3 838 1275 −1.00 11 200.5 0.000092 0.000003 0.282598 0.000006 0.282598 −1.8 0.2 856 1314 −1.00 12 208.8 0.003062 0.000061 0.282609 0.000010 0.282609 −1.2 0.3 843 1284 −1.00 15 202.8 0.001188 0.000025 0.282626 0.000009 0.282626 −0.7 0.3 820 1250 −1.00 16 206.4 0.002045 0.000043 0.282607 0.000010 0.282607 −1.3 0.4 845 1290 −1.00 17 207.0 0.000484 0.000010 0.282643 0.000013 0.282643 0.0 0.5 796 1208 −1.00 18 211.6 0.002014 0.000040 0.282632 0.000013 0.282632 −0.3 0.4 812 1230 −1.00 19 205.3 0.001206 0.000021 0.282627 0.000012 0.282627 −0.6 0.4 819 1247 −1.00 20 203.0 0.008771 0.000185 0.282620 0.000014 0.282619 −1.0 0.5 831 1266 −0.99 21 205.5 0.006352 0.000124 0.282586 0.000014 0.282586 −2.1 0.5 875 1339 −1.00 24 202.6 0.000481 0.000009 0.282567 0.000010 0.282567 −2.8 0.3 897 1382 −1.00 25 201.1 0.012967 0.000237 0.282618 0.000018 0.282618 −1.0 0.6 834 1270 −0.99 26 206.9 0.001770 0.000034 0.282634 0.000010 0.282634 −0.3 0.4 809 1229 −1.00 27 205.3 0.001362 0.000024 0.282622 0.000009 0.282622 −0.8 0.3 824 1256 −1.00 28 205.3 0.000782 0.000013 0.282632 0.000012 0.282632 −0.4 0.4 811 1235 −1.00 HXUPb02（含锂辉石电气石花岗伟晶岩） 2 203.2 0.000954 0.000022 0.282631 0.000010 0.282631 −0.5 0.4 812 1237 −1.00 3 204.1 0.001893 0.000019 0.282516 0.000013 0.282516 −4.6 0.5 966 1496 −1.00 4 197.2 0.024472 0.000819 0.282632 0.000013 0.282629 −0.7 0.5 828 1247 −0.98 5 203.1 0.004587 0.000089 0.282589 0.000011 0.282589 −2.0 0.4 870 1333 −1.00 8 207.5 0.000570 0.000025 0.282629 0.000017 0.282629 −0.5 0.6 815 1239 −1.00 10 203.5 0.004761 0.000138 0.282563 0.000012 0.282563 −2.9 0.4 905 1391 −1.00 12 209.1 0.003349 0.000096 0.282584 0.000014 0.282584 −2.1 0.5 877 1340 −1.00 13 209.1 0.007375 0.000195 0.282584 0.000014 0.282584 −2.1 0.5 879 1340 −0.99 14 197.5 0.036880 0.000802 0.282562 0.000019 0.282559 −3.2 0.7 922 1403 −0.98 20 199.8 0.005263 0.000061 0.282517 0.000015 0.282517 −4.6 0.5 965 1497 −1.00 21 214.1 0.009715 0.000244 0.282617 0.000021 0.282616 −0.8 0.7 836 1265 −0.99 22 202.7 0.009710 0.000293 0.282619 0.000014 0.282618 −1.0 0.5 834 1268 −0.99 注：1. εHf（t） = 10000 × {[（176Hf/177Hf）S – （176Lu/177Hf）S × （eλt – 1）] / [（176Hf/177Hf）CHUR，0– （176Lu/177Hf） CHUR × （eλt – 1）] – 1}；
2. TDM1 = 1/λ × ln{1 + [（176Hf/177Hf）S – （176Hf/177Hf） DM]/ [（176Lu/177Hf）S – （176Lu/177Hf）DM]}；
3. TDM2 = TDM – （TDM – t） × [（fcc – fs）/（fcc – fDM）]. fLu/Hf = （176Lu/177Hf）S /（176Lu/177Hf） CHUR – 1；
4. λ = 1.867 × 10−11/a；（176Lu/177Hf）S 和（176Hf/177Hf）S 为样品测量值；（176Lu/177Hf） CHUR = 0.0332； （176Hf/177Hf）CHUR，0 = 0.282772； （176Lu/177Hf）DM = 0.0384；（176Hf/177Hf） DM = 0.28325；（176Lu/177Hf）平均地壳 = 0.015； fcc = [（176Lu/177Hf）平均地壳/（176Lu/177Hf） CHUR] – 1； fs = fLu/Hf; fDM = [（176Lu/177Hf）DM /（176Lu/177Hf） CHUR] – 1； t 为锆石结晶年龄。
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