Restriction of Geological Formation on Soil Properties and Its Ecological Environmental Effects: Example from Red Soil in the Xichang Area
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摘要:
厘清地质建造对土壤性质制约的作用及程度有助于建立起地质背景与生态环境之间的联系，为地质工作服务生态文明建设提供理论支撑。笔者以西昌地区6种类型地质建造上发育的红壤为例，系统分析每种类型地质建造内基岩和红壤中植物营养元素和重金属元素的含量，以及红壤的质地、酸碱性等理化性质。结果显示，土壤的营养元素和重金属元素含量与下伏地质建造中相应元素的含量呈现明显的线性正相关关系（S、N、As除外），相关系数R的平方值为0.54～0.97，不同类型地质建造上形成红壤的营养元素丰缺度、重金属污染风险、质地、酸碱性等性质存在明显差异。因此，地质建造可以在多个方面有效制约其形成土壤的性质，且这种制约作用具有普遍性，据此提出了“地质建造–土壤性质–生态环境”为主线的山地丘陵区生态地质调查工作思路。
Abstract:Clarifying the role and extent of geological formation affecting soil properties will help establish the relationship between geological background and ecological environment, and provide theoretical support for geological work to serve the construction of ecological civilization. Taking the red soil formed on six geological formations in the Xichang area as an example, this paper systematically analyzed the contents of plant nutrient elements and heavy metals in bedrock and red soil of each geological formation. Meanwhile, the physical and chemical properties of red soil such as texture and pH value are also analyzed. The results show that the contents of nutrient elements and heavy metals in soil are linearly and positively correlated with the contents of corresponding elements in underlying geological formations (except for S, N, As), and the correlation coefficient R squared is concentrated in 0.54～0.97. There are significant differences in the nutrient element abundance, heavy metal pollution risk, texture, acidity of the red soil formed in different geological formations, indicating that geological formations can effectively restrict the properties of the overlying soil in many aspects. Considering the universality of the restriction of geological formation on soil properties, this paper puts forward that the ecological geological survey in mountainous and hilly areas can be based on the path of "geological formation–soil properties–ecological environment". The specific working method is also discussed in this paper.
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Key words:
- ecological geology /
- soil properties /
- geological formation /
- red soil /
- Xichang
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图 2 （a）西昌地区形成红壤的6类地质建造图和（b）红壤分布图（红壤分布范围据国家地球系统科学数据中心，1995）
Figure 2.
表 1 不同地质建造中基岩和土壤样品的营养元素和重金属含量表
Table 1. Nutrient element and heavy metal content of bedrock and soil samples from each geological formation
样品号 CaO MgO K2O P2O5 MnO TFe2O3 S N Cl B Mo Cu Zn Ni Cd Cr Pb As Hg 新近纪—第四纪陆相碎屑岩建造–基岩 D0112R1 1.16 1.32 2.41 0.22 0.06 4.99 0.03 0.04 / 92.70 0.36 30.50 79.00 33.90 0.14 66.60 23.90 6.82 0.01 D1210R1 0.39 2.00 3.38 0.09 0.08 6.87 0.02 0.05 28.00 64.90 0.17 49.60 138.00 48.60 <0.05 114.00 28.70 6.13 0.02 D2112R1 0.20 1.13 3.05 0.07 0.07 7.87 0.01 / 47.40 77.70 0.38 60.50 106.00 41.20 0.08 87.90 53.10 9.04 0.01 D3111R2 0.13 1.58 3.02 0.06 0.02 5.43 0.02 / 38.90 79.90 0.50 20.40 88.40 38.40 0.09 71.20 33.60 7.08 0.08 平均值 0.47 1.51 2.97 0.11 0.06 6.29 0.02 0.05 38.10 78.80 0.35 40.25 102.85 40.53 0.10 84.93 34.83 7.27 0.03 新近纪—第四纪陆相碎屑岩建造–土壤 D0112B1 0.84 1.42 2.75 0.10 0.09 6.61 0.02 0.10 58.60 104.00 0.54 43.20 143.00 42.40 0.15 80.10 38.30 11.80 0.04 D1210B1 0.20 0.66 2.20 0.08 0.12 6.41 0.04 0.06 17.90 92.50 1.74 39.50 91.20 46.00 <0.05 64.30 29.10 10.70 0.02 D2112B1 0.23 0.51 2.02 0.06 0.05 4.63 0.02 / 50.80 79.60 0.55 25.30 57.80 27.30 0.07 76.50 26.80 8.04 0.03 D3111B1 0.12 1.23 2.12 0.09 0.04 5.91 0.02 / 38.30 60.10 0.78 19.20 67.20 43.80 0.08 103.00 24.00 7.38 0.11 平均值 0.35 0.96 2.27 0.08 0.07 5.89 0.03 0.08 41.40 84.05 0.90 31.80 89.80 39.88 0.10 80.98 29.55 9.48 0.05 三叠纪陆相碎屑岩建造–基岩 D1204R1 0.07 0.82 2.81 0.13 0.04 6.98 0.02 0.14 12.60 84.40 1.07 59.10 109.00 76.70 0.17 320.00 15.10 3.67 0.04 D1306R1 0.04 0.33 1.39 0.05 0.01 2.83 0.03 0.05 21.90 22.10 0.62 14.80 22.30 35.30 <0.05 123.00 15.00 1.90 0.03 D1608R1 0.18 0.52 1.02 0.05 0.07 2.88 0.03 0.03 20.20 46.00 0.33 11.10 50.50 17.20 <0.05 37.60 14.90 8.63 0.06 D2101R1 0.34 1.42 2.86 0.16 0.08 5.28 0.01 / 25.00 98.00 0.40 28.60 120.00 31.50 0.18 70.20 24.30 3.92 0.04 D2102R1 1.17 1.74 2.16 0.16 0.03 6.03 0.01 / 24.80 86.70 0.45 18.60 105.00 26.50 0.19 52.90 29.10 3.73 0.04 D2202R1 3.05 2.77 4.42 0.15 0.08 6.64 0.01 / 21.60 109.00 0.24 31.60 111.00 45.70 0.23 107.00 21.90 30.60 0.04 D2204R1 0.19 0.18 0.69 0.02 0.02 0.82 0.01 / 28.80 21.50 0.18 3.38 19.10 4.72 0.06 12.20 11.00 3.05 0.02 D2207R1 0.44 1.85 2.52 0.16 0.06 5.70 0.01 / 18.20 77.80 0.17 29.40 111.00 37.20 0.22 76.70 22.60 4.17 0.03 D2307R1 3.86 1.47 2.54 0.21 0.11 8.47 0.01 / 41.10 8.70 0.67 48.40 96.50 29.10 0.14 65.60 16.00 1.46 0.02 D2308R1 24.05 4.28 1.59 0.15 0.13 4.95 0.01 / 42.70 124.00 0.40 70.60 53.10 35.00 0.14 129.00 10.70 0.83 0.03 D2401R1 0.24 0.26 0.87 0.03 0.01 1.00 0.01 / 25.40 29.10 0.18 4.26 23.80 7.79 <0.05 14.60 6.78 2.12 0.02 D2402R1 0.11 0.93 2.70 0.11 0.06 5.86 0.01 / 16.70 114.00 0.28 29.00 95.80 34.90 0.10 75.50 33.80 4.00 0.03 D3112R1 0.13 0.69 1.79 0.08 0.03 2.75 0.01 / 28.40 57.60 0.36 6.38 39.00 15.50 0.11 28.40 19.00 2.03 0.03 D3113R1 0.08 0.43 2.87 0.07 0.03 3.13 0.01 / 20.40 120.00 0.56 22.00 39.90 14.10 0.12 77.40 21.30 17.90 0.05 D3211R1 0.11 1.47 4.81 0.10 0.06 6.44 0.01 / 16.20 128.00 0.16 28.00 79.60 32.00 0.08 96.00 44.30 21.80 0.07 D3219R1 0.36 0.74 2.04 0.07 0.01 2.99 0.01 / 25.40 83.30 0.17 16.50 69.80 22.70 <0.05 46.60 15.80 7.04 0.03 平均值 2.15 1.24 2.32 0.11 0.05 4.55 0.01 0.07 24.34 75.64 0.39 26.36 71.59 29.12 0.15 83.29 20.10 7.30 0.04 三叠纪陆相碎屑岩建造–土壤 D1204B1 0.21 1.04 1.92 0.18 0.14 9.82 0.08 0.21 39.00 86.00 4.18 58.40 104.00 60.30 0.13 186.00 24.60 16.60 0.18 D1306B1 0.06 0.60 1.77 0.09 0.03 10.86 0.04 0.08 21.50 48.60 3.77 66.40 72.80 53.70 0.05 203.00 35.20 19.40 0.17 D1608B1 0.17 0.57 1.64 0.07 0.05 5.17 0.06 0.12 26.00 60.20 4.65 24.00 72.20 33.70 0.13 132.00 25.00 10.20 0.02 D2101B1 0.11 0.74 2.18 0.11 0.05 6.10 0.02 / 30.80 79.80 0.70 21.80 116.00 33.40 0.18 77.30 31.80 9.48 0.07 D2102B1 0.41 1.33 3.59 0.07 0.09 7.51 0.02 / 22.90 70.20 1.14 33.10 143.00 53.70 0.12 122.00 34.60 11.60 0.06 D2202B1 3.21 2.61 3.76 0.16 0.10 6.73 0.02 / 25.60 82.10 0.46 30.60 108.00 47.20 0.35 112.00 29.60 7.93 0.03 D2204B1 0.17 0.40 1.28 0.06 0.02 3.49 0.01 / 36.60 41.60 0.57 14.00 38.30 26.60 <0.05 52.80 18.90 9.89 0.03 
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续表1 样品号 CaO MgO K2O P2O5 MnO TFe2O3 S N Cl B Mo Cu Zn Ni Cd Cr Pb As Hg D2207B1 0.16 1.78 3.13 0.13 0.06 7.65 0.01 / 32.60 74.70 0.46 32.70 111.00 54.50 0.17 116.00 27.50 7.51 0.06 D2307B1 3.17 2.19 2.30 0.25 0.18 12.30 0.02 / 52.00 6.56 0.60 81.80 119.00 56.80 0.22 169.00 15.90 1.72 0.02 D2308B1 3.31 4.57 2.28 0.19 0.21 9.87 0.02 / 31.40 96.00 0.91 96.60 102.00 68.80 0.30 174.00 17.20 2.02 0.02 D2401B1 0.22 0.60 2.10 0.09 0.14 3.83 0.02 / 26.80 55.40 0.41 13.00 59.00 19.60 0.10 59.20 23.00 3.16 0.03 D2402B1 0.22 0.77 1.74 0.10 0.08 4.29 0.02 / 23.20 75.50 0.55 18.60 69.00 29.70 0.07 73.30 21.10 7.44 0.02 D3112B1 0.15 0.81 1.32 0.08 0.02 5.83 0.03 / 39.30 47.80 1.18 19.00 93.90 34.90 0.05 89.90 26.30 12.70 0.25 D3113B1 0.18 0.62 2.43 0.14 0.08 6.54 0.02 / 36.10 80.90 0.95 31.80 75.60 34.70 0.09 100.00 36.50 9.90 0.10 D3211B1 0.15 0.79 1.88 0.12 0.05 6.14 0.03 / 35.30 66.00 1.21 23.40 73.00 26.70 0.07 93.10 33.10 14.90 0.16 D3219B1 0.12 0.59 1.42 0.09 0.04 4.42 0.03 / 31.80 74.50 0.72 24.60 65.30 23.40 <0.05 79.00 21.70 9.30 0.03 平均值 0.75 1.25 2.17 0.12 0.08 6.91 0.03 0.14 31.93 65.37 1.40 36.86 88.88 41.11 0.14 114.91 26.38 9.61 0.08 三叠纪中酸性岩建造–基岩 D1206R1 0.19 0.14 5.19 0.02 0.16 4.71 0.02 0.01 35.20 5.63 0.59 10.50 295.00 3.50 0.26 9.25 21.00 0.70 0.00 D1309R1 0.28 0.16 3.32 0.03 0.19 8.66 0.03 0.01 29.40 2.70 1.54 8.56 275.00 13.40 0.07 11.40 29.20 0.23 0.01 D1312R1 0.27 0.33 6.09 0.09 0.10 10.03 0.02 0.01 28.20 2.48 1.05 17.20 168.00 20.20 <0.05 66.50 19.10 1.71 0.00 D1409R1 0.37 3.00 2.28 0.15 0.13 11.92 0.03 0.05 29.80 30.80 0.59 112.00 137.00 89.10 0.12 189.00 8.81 0.56 0.00 D2309R1 0.82 0.40 5.19 0.07 0.18 4.66 0.01 / 73.60 5.64 0.21 3.96 123.00 1.40 0.15 3.14 8.96 0.64 0.02 平均值 0.39 0.81 4.41 0.07 0.15 8.00 0.02 0.02 39.24 9.45 0.80 30.44 199.60 25.52 0.15 55.86 17.41 0.77 0.01 三叠纪中酸性岩建造-土壤 D1206B1 0.37 0.59 3.08 0.11 0.04 5.45 0.07 0.19 41.90 35.30 1.67 12.00 109.00 17.70 0.06 67.10 28.40 7.29 0.13 D1309B1 0.11 0.54 1.47 0.06 0.05 9.17 0.05 0.06 36.50 56.70 4.33 37.20 150.00 47.00 <0.05 124.00 34.60 21.80 0.10 D1312B1 0.13 0.39 1.75 0.07 0.11 5.87 0.03 0.04 62.80 79.10 5.44 28.80 79.90 28.00 <0.05 76.60 22.30 8.24 0.02 D1409B1 0.38 1.24 2.22 0.24 0.51 8.86 0.05 0.22 28.60 37.90 4.47 123.00 155.00 65.90 0.35 174.00 33.50 6.46 0.10 D2309B1 0.44 0.39 4.68 0.06 0.18 4.72 0.02 / 63.40 16.70 0.47 13.20 101.00 8.29 0.10 19.30 14.00 2.80 0.02 平均值 0.29 0.63 2.64 0.11 0.18 6.81 0.05 0.13 46.64 45.14 3.28 42.84 118.98 33.38 0.17 92.20 26.56 9.32 0.07 二叠纪基性岩建造–基岩 D1205R1 0.07 1.33 3.66 0.30 0.04 20.60 0.03 0.15 22.30 88.90 1.66 206.00 178.00 153.00 0.32 218.00 30.20 31.80 0.04 D1207R1 0.15 1.89 1.36 0.36 0.30 20.35 0.03 0.02 39.80 11.30 0.19 524.00 178.00 60.60 0.16 74.30 8.73 2.47 0.01 D2306R1 7.97 7.21 0.82 0.25 0.17 11.26 0.01 / 20.00 3.65 0.58 92.10 113.00 85.80 0.16 279.00 8.87 0.60 0.02 D2409R1 6.55 8.16 1.06 0.28 0.14 11.52 0.01 / 25.80 2.69 0.88 67.80 103.00 205.00 0.13 652.00 7.08 0.34 0.02 平均值 3.68 4.65 1.73 0.30 0.16 15.93 0.02 0.08 26.98 26.64 0.83 222.48 143.00 126.10 0.19 305.83 13.72 8.80 0.02 二叠纪基性岩建造-土壤 D1205B1 0.50 3.49 1.73 0.17 0.17 13.37 0.06 0.07 13.50 40.00 3.33 118.00 136.00 157.00 0.16 428.00 18.40 3.37 0.03 D1207B1 0.08 0.43 2.05 0.14 0.20 11.86 0.04 0.06 28.70 28.50 4.44 24.80 177.00 32.30 <0.05 88.10 25.00 13.70 0.07 D2306B1 3.00 2.76 1.39 0.18 0.17 13.82 0.02 / 24.70 10.90 0.82 116.00 100.00 93.80 0.12 310.00 12.80 2.44 0.06 D2409B1 0.36 1.22 1.04 0.19 0.17 12.94 0.03 / 35.00 21.40 1.04 112.00 102.00 161.00 0.05 521.00 17.20 3.88 0.04 平均值 0.99 1.98 1.55 0.17 0.18 13.00 0.03 0.07 25.48 25.20 2.41 92.70 128.75 111.03 0.11 336.78 18.35 5.85 0.05 元古代中酸性岩建造–基岩 D1105R1 1.94 1.13 1.82 0.23 0.14 5.45 0.02 0.00 67.90 4.33 0.28 12.60 125.00 3.72 0.18 5.02 18.30 0.23 0.00 D1106R1 2.42 1.40 2.80 0.10 0.08 4.95 0.02 0.00 54.20 6.13 0.53 17.10 94.10 4.49 0.06 8.13 15.70 0.00 0.00
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续表1 样品号 CaO MgO K2O P2O5 MnO TFe2O3 S N Cl B Mo Cu Zn Ni Cd Cr Pb As Hg D1107R1 1.65 0.69 2.79 0.05 0.08 3.29 0.02 0.02 45.50 4.42 0.33 6.54 73.10 5.45 0.09 7.25 16.30 0.83 0.00 D1108R1 3.92 1.96 2.26 0.18 0.12 6.50 0.03 0.01 99.60 2.46 0.30 50.00 84.40 12.70 0.06 25.00 8.00 0.42 0.00 D1110R1 2.25 1.60 2.15 0.14 0.10 5.06 0.02 0.01 44.80 3.14 0.25 25.50 68.80 13.50 0.09 17.60 11.70 0.50 0.00 D2105R1 1.81 0.70 3.16 0.11 0.04 2.32 0.01 / 25.90 5.29 <0.1 2.22 49.90 3.60 <0.05 7.92 12.60 0.24 0.00 D2209R1 0.74 0.53 1.76 0.09 0.04 2.21 0.01 / 55.50 7.58 <0.1 1.52 42.60 1.75 0.09 4.23 9.41 0.00 0.01 D2210R1 3.33 1.17 2.33 0.11 0.07 3.45 0.01 / 46.50 5.16 0.20 11.50 60.40 17.20 <0.05 48.00 10.50 1.80 0.01 D2211R1 2.72 0.67 2.68 0.08 0.06 2.26 0.01 / 67.50 5.21 <0.1 3.67 55.10 2.40 0.06 6.09 16.90 0.42 0.01 D2212R1 3.56 1.12 1.84 0.12 0.06 3.11 0.03 / 81.20 6.60 0.16 6.31 73.00 6.16 <0.05 19.80 12.20 0.60 0.01 D2214R1 0.56 1.70 2.70 0.12 0.05 2.75 0.04 / 52.40 23.50 <0.1 2.54 54.50 4.22 <0.05 11.70 2.20 0.55 0.00 D2406R1 1.07 0.60 4.58 0.04 0.04 2.21 0.01 / 32.40 8.31 1.23 90.20 73.40 10.00 0.23 12.80 25.00 0.59 0.04 D2407R1 6.61 4.32 1.05 0.18 0.12 7.69 0.01 / 66.50 4.83 0.12 20.70 81.10 39.40 0.10 90.60 7.61 0.31 0.00 D2407R2 0.43 0.47 2.60 0.04 0.06 2.10 0.01 / 26.80 37.90 <0.1 3.32 38.20 2.08 0.16 4.06 15.00 0.28 0.03 平均值 2.36 1.29 2.47 0.11 0.07 3.81 0.02 0.01 54.76 8.92 0.38 18.12 69.54 9.05 0.11 19.16 12.96 0.48 0.01 元古代中酸性岩建造–土壤 D1105B1 2.77 1.83 1.88 0.87 0.18 10.82 0.03 0.08 81.90 4.71 0.52 19.80 112.00 11.90 0.12 10.60 13.00 1.34 0.02 D1106B1 0.55 1.25 1.96 0.06 0.07 7.27 0.02 0.03 48.10 11.80 0.55 24.80 108.00 14.80 <0.05 20.70 18.30 2.81 0.04 D1107B1 1.15 0.82 2.62 0.10 0.09 5.42 0.04 0.09 38.80 28.20 9.45 32.60 93.80 23.80 0.16 182.00 18.80 3.06 0.02 D1108B1 2.80 1.04 2.20 0.07 0.10 6.21 0.03 0.06 124.00 4.51 5.76 24.50 64.80 12.40 0.12 63.20 13.10 0.91 0.01 D1110B1 1.68 0.62 2.17 0.08 0.07 5.14 0.04 0.09 60.30 17.00 9.43 23.80 49.50 12.90 0.14 163.00 17.60 3.39 0.02 D2105B1 2.13 0.70 3.17 0.09 0.04 3.42 0.01 / 77.80 7.15 0.21 14.30 61.20 4.73 <0.05 11.20 17.50 0.49 0.01 D2209B1 0.67 0.66 3.41 0.06 0.05 3.57 0.01 / 88.50 8.77 0.27 10.60 50.50 7.86 <0.05 13.10 18.50 1.33 0.02 D2210B1 1.70 0.86 2.54 0.06 0.05 3.19 0.03 / 67.00 5.58 0.17 4.46 50.80 5.54 0.10 18.80 13.10 0.88 0.02 D2211B1 1.56 0.53 3.28 0.05 0.05 2.24 0.02 / 57.20 4.04 0.11 12.90 44.90 2.26 <0.05 4.71 15.70 0.23 0.00 D2212B1 1.31 0.78 2.83 0.08 0.05 3.14 0.02 / 58.90 5.38 0.19 7.22 54.10 6.36 <0.05 19.10 13.30 0.68 0.02 D2214B1 0.23 1.44 2.38 0.06 0.04 3.15 0.01 / 66.70 8.22 0.10 39.60 49.50 6.19 <0.05 19.80 20.50 0.43 0.01 D2406B1 0.53 3.54 2.17 0.09 0.16 8.66 0.02 / 31.90 14.00 0.40 135.00 126.00 384.00 0.13 437.00 21.40 2.77 0.04 D2407B1 2.30 3.69 1.07 0.09 0.09 9.92 0.02 / 47.20 14.10 0.46 37.60 93.70 59.80 0.07 150.00 11.90 3.98 0.02 D2407B2 0.59 0.79 2.74 0.06 0.05 3.29 0.02 / 51.00 21.80 0.34 7.90 53.70 9.77 <0.05 18.30 17.40 3.50 0.02 平均值 1.43 1.33 2.46 0.13 0.08 5.39 0.02 0.07 64.24 11.09 2.00 28.22 72.32 40.17 0.12 80.82 16.44 1.84 0.02 元古代火山碎屑岩建造–基岩 D2222R1 0.08 0.23 5.74 0.01 0.03 2.20 0.01 / 27.20 19.80 1.06 4.16 169.00 1.44 0.09 3.54 10.40 4.39 0.02 D2601R1 0.13 0.41 3.83 0.02 0.03 2.56 0.02 / 48.90 15.30 0.27 3.80 41.10 3.25 0.06 5.01 20.80 3.99 0.01 平均值 0.11 0.32 4.79 0.01 0.03 2.38 0.01 / 38.05 17.55 0.67 3.98 105.05 2.35 0.07 4.28 15.60 4.19 0.01 元古代火山碎屑岩建造–土壤 D2222B1 0.16 0.45 3.44 0.03 0.05 3.68 0.03 / 35.60 38.30 1.27 19.30 120.00 14.90 0.11 30.40 26.70 12.00 0.04 D2601B1 0.14 0.38 3.33 0.02 0.03 2.67 0.03 / 64.10 13.60 0.73 14.70 68.80 7.67 <0.05 12.40 25.30 23.60 0.04 平均值 0.15 0.42 3.39 0.03 0.04 3.17 0.03 / 49.85 25.95 1.00 17.00 94.40 11.29 0.11 21.40 26.00 17.80 0.04 大陆地壳
元素丰度5.39 3.67 2.58 0.17 0.09 6.17 0.07 0.06 472.00 11.00 1.10 25.00 65.00 56.00 0.10 126.00 14.80 1.70 0.04 注：CaO、MgO、K2O、P2O5、MnO、TFe2O5、S、N元素含量为%；Cl、B、Mo、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cd、Cr、Pb、As、Hg元素含量为10–6；/表示无数据；大陆地壳元素丰度引自Wedepohl（1995）。
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表 2 不同类型地质建造上形成红壤的粒级分布和pH值
Table 2. Particle size distribution and pH value of red soil formed on different geological formations
红壤的下伏地质建造类型 砂粒含量
（0.075～1 mm）粉粒含量
（0.075～0.005 mm）黏粒含量
（＜ 0.005 mm）pH 新近纪-第四纪陆相碎屑岩建造 42.65% 48.06% 9.30% 6.26 三叠纪陆相碎屑岩建造 45.57% 45.40% 9.03% 5.91 三叠纪中酸性岩建造 40.55% 50.29% 9.17% 5.53 二叠纪基性岩建造 39.77% 47.44% 12.80% 5.68 元古代中酸性岩建造 53.86% 39.84% 6.30% 5.63 元古代火山碎屑岩建造 46.82% 40.05% 13.14% 4.92
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