Key Issues of Earth System Science in the Study of Carbon Sinks in the Loess Plateau
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摘要:
全球温度升高1.2 ℃，应对气候变化已经到了刻不容缓的地步。2019年9月，中国政府承诺中国在2030年碳达峰，在2060年碳中和，这是一份巨大担当，也是一个巨大的挑战。碳中和的达成需要节能减排，还需要负排放技术和增加生态、地质碳汇。能源结构的调整和CCUS等负排放技术的发展需要几十年的时间，亟需要调查和研究生态和地质碳汇的现状并且增加碳汇潜力。全球范围的碳汇清查主要依靠“自上而下”和“自下而上”的估算方法，而国家级别的区域碳汇清查目前还是一个难点。黄土高原是最早起步进行退耕还林还草生态工程的地区，也是生态脆弱区。目前，黄土高原区域的碳汇调查和研究尚属于起步阶段。基于国家“双碳”战略需要和黄土高原生态文明建设，笔者从地球系统科学角度，回溯黄土高原的碳汇调查研究成果，总结黄土高原区域碳汇评估的方法体系，包含有机碳汇系统和无机碳汇系统。其中，有机碳汇系统包含有机质碳储量子系统和生态碳汇子系统的研究；无机碳汇系统主要包含碳酸盐碳汇系统和硅酸盐碳汇系统。在此基础上，从地球系统科学角度提出黄土高原碳汇调查研究建议。
Abstract:With the global temperature rising by 1.2 ℃, it is urgent to deal with climate change. In September 2019, the Chinese government promised that China will reach its carbon peak in 2030 and become carbon neutral in 2060, which is a huge responsibility and a huge challenge. The achievement of carbon neutrality requires energy conservation and emission reduction, as well as negative emission technologies and an increase in ecological and geological carbon sinks. The adjustment of the energy structure and the development of negative emission technologies such as CCUS will take decades. There is an urgent need to investigate and study the current status of ecological and geological carbon sinks and increase the potential of carbon sinks. The global carbon sink inventory mainly relies on the "top–down" and "bottom–up" estimation methods, while the national–level regional carbon sink inventory is still a difficult problem. The Loess Plateau is the first area where the ecological project of returning farmland to forests and grasslands started, and it is also an ecologically fragile area. The current investigation and research on carbon sinks in the Loess Plateau is still in its infancy. Based on the needs of the national carbon neutral strategy and the construction of ecological civilization on the Loess Plateau, this paper begins to review the research results of carbon sinks on the Loess Plateau from the perspective of earth system science. Firstly, the method system of carbon sink assessment in the Loess Plateau is summarized, and then it is further summarized that the carbon sink system of the Loess Plateau mainly includes organic carbon sink system and inorganic carbon sink system. Among them, the organic carbon sink system includes the research on the organic carbon storage sub-system and the ecological carbon sink system. The inorganic carbon sink system mainly includes carbonate carbon sink system and silicate carbon sink system. Finally, from the perspective of earth system science, the suggestions are given for the investigation and research of carbon sinks in the Loess Plateau.
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图 2 基于流域（地下水系统+地表水系统）H2O–CaCO3–CO2–水生光合生物相互作用的碳酸盐风化碳汇模式图（Liu et al.，2018）
Figure 2.
表 1 无机碳汇估算方法汇总表
Table 1. Summary table of methods for estimating carbon sinks
估算方法 计算公式 适用场景 参考文献 正演模型 排除大气、外源酸和微量碳酸盐矿物影响之后，计算花岗岩和玄武岩的风化阳离子浓度总和（K+2Ca+Na+2Mg），并结合每个流域的径流深q（mm），分别计算出花岗岩和玄武岩风化的阳离子通量 适用于流域尺度的硅酸盐化学风化研究 （Yang et al.，2022） 反演模型 [ΦCO2]sil=（2Ca2+sil+2Mg2+sil+Na+sil+K+sil） ×径流量/流域面积
[ΦCO2]carb=（Ca2+carb+Mg2+carb） ×径流量/流域面积
[ΦCO2]sil和[ΦCO2]carb分别为硅酸盐和碳酸盐化学风化消耗的CO2速率适用于流域尺度的硅酸盐化学风化研究 （Wu et al.，2013） 水化学径流法 
式中：F为岩溶碳汇强度（t/（km2·a）），[HCO3−]为水体中所含HCO3−的的浓度（g/l），1/2指径流中一半碳来自大气，Q为流域径流量（l/s），
和
分别为CO2和HCO3−的相对分子质量，S为流域面积（km2）明确的流域边界、地下水为全排型，至少有一个完整的水文年的流量和HCO3−浓度数据。同时要扣除硝酸和硫酸等外源酸对地下水中HCO3−的贡献 （刘再华，2000） Galy模型法 将河流中水化学离子组分归因于不同岩石端元的溶解，根据河水中元素比值关系，估算不同岩石风化对河水溶质的贡献。硅酸盐风化组成的地下水，离子比值为一定值（Mg2+/K+=0.5，Ca2+/Na+=0.2）
若仅考虑碳酸（H2CO3）对碳酸盐岩（CaCO3）的风化溶蚀，地下水中TDS来源于碳酸盐岩溶蚀生成的量表示如下：
TDS碳酸盐岩=[Ca2+]碳酸盐岩+[Mg2+]碳酸盐岩+1/2[HCO3−]
若考虑硫酸（H2SO4）和碳酸（H2CO3）共同参与了碳酸盐岩（CaCO3）的风化溶蚀，地下水中TDS来源于碳酸盐岩溶蚀生成的量表示如下：
TDS碳酸盐岩=[Ca2+]碳酸盐岩+[Mg2+]碳酸盐岩+1/4[HCO3−]碳酸+[HSO4−]硫酸
硅酸盐风化速率计算如下：
TDS硅酸盐眼=[Na+]硅酸盐岩+[K+]硅酸盐岩+[Ca2+]硅酸盐岩+[Mg2+]硅酸盐岩+
[SiO2]硅酸盐岩
来源于硅酸盐岩风化消耗的大气/土壤CO2计算公式如下：
CO2硅酸盐岩=[HCO3−]硅酸盐岩=[Na+]硅酸盐岩+[K+]硅酸盐岩+
2[Ca2+]硅酸盐岩+2[Mg2+]硅酸盐岩适用于中小流域尺度的岩石风化碳汇，估算不同岩溶风化对地表河水的贡献 （Galy et al.，1999；覃小群等，2015） 溶蚀试片法 E=（W1-W2）×1000×T−1×365×S−1，式中，E为试片溶蚀速率（mg·cm−2·a−1），W1为埋放前的试片重量（g），W2为回收后的试片重量（g）,S为试片溶蚀表面积，T为试片埋放的时间（d） 
，式中，F为岩溶作用吸收的CO2的汇（1010g/a），E为岩石试片的溶蚀速率（mg·cm−2·a−1），S为岩溶区面积（km2），R为岩石试片的碳酸盐岩纯度，
和
分别为CO2和CaCO3的相对分子质量广泛用于岩溶碳汇研究中，在西南岩溶区应用较为广泛，在黄土区估算量偏低 （黄奇波等，2015a，2015b） 
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