Exploration Techniques and Methods of the Eco−Geological Survey in Mountainous Region, Southwest China
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摘要:
生态地质调查以区域地质调查成果为基础，查明调查区生态地质现状和主要生态地质问题，研究生态环境与地质条件之间的联系，并开展生态地质综合评价。笔者利用在大凉山区和三峡库区生态地质调查的探索经验，总结了西南山区生态地质调查与评价思路和技术方法，主要取得以下认识：①地质条件是生态系统的物质基础和孕育环境，地质条件通过制约土壤、水文、地形地貌、动力作用、地质灾害等生态地质条件，而制约生态系统质量和生态环境发展差异。②西南山区成土母质主要是下伏基岩原地风化或风化后近距离迁移形成的，存在明显的岩石−土壤−植被物质传导链条，地质条件是制约该地区生态环境质量的重要因素。③对地质建造和地质构造等地质条件的分析和研究，是在该地区进行生态地质调查的基础。④提出了西南山区生态地质调查的目的任务、工作思路、工作内容、技术路线和主要技术方法。该成果可为西南山区开展生态地质调查提供借鉴案例，同时对生态地质学科的建设和全国生态地质调查方法体系的建立也具有一定支撑作用。
Abstract:Eco−geological survey is a kind of foundational geological survey, which is based on regional geological survey to find out the current situation and the problems of eco−geology, study the relationship between ecological environment and geological conditions, and carry out eco−geology comprehensive evaluation. The purpose is to serve the security and management of natural resources, ecological protection and restoration. Based on the experience of eco−geological survey and exploration in Daliangshan area, this paper summarizes the ideas and technical methods of eco−geological survey and evaluation applicable to the mountainous area in SW China, and mainly obtains the following understandings: ① geological conditions are the material basis of the ecosystem, and geological conditions restrict the quality of the ecosystem and the difference of the ecological environment by restricting the eco−geological conditions such as soil, hydrology, topography, dynamic action and geological disasters. ② The soil forming parent materials in the southwest mountainous area are mainly formed by in−situ weathering or by near migration after weathering, and there is an obvious rock−soil−vegetation material transmission chain, therefore, geological conditions are an important factor restricting the ecological environment quality in this area. ③ The analysis and study of geological formations and structures is the basis of eco−geological survey in this area. ④ The purpose, task, working idea, working content, technical route and main technical methods of eco−geological survey this area put forward. This study can provide a reference case for the eco−geological survey in Southwest China, and also has a certain supporting role for the construction of the ecological geology discipline and the establishment of the eco−geological survey method system of China.
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图 1 西南山区生态地质分区简图（据聂洪峰等，2021b修改）
Figure 1.
表 1 西南地区生态地质分区表（据聂洪峰等，2021b修改）
Table 1. Eco-geological division mountains region in SW China
一级生态地质分区 二级生态地质分区 三级生态地质分区 西南生态
地质大区（Ⅲ）四川盆地生态地质区（Ⅲ1） 四川盆地西部岷山–邛崃褶断低山云杉冷杉林常绿阔叶林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ1-a） 四川盆地北部褶断低山农林复合生态地质亚区（Ⅲ1-c） 四川盆地南缘岩溶常绿–落叶阔叶林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ1-e） 三峡库区褶断溶蚀平行岭谷农林复合生态地质亚区（Ⅲ1-f） 秦巴山地生态地质区（Ⅲ2） 秦岭褶断山地落叶阔叶–针阔混交林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ2-a） 豫西南褶断山地丘陵落叶阔叶林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ2-b） 汉江上游褶断丘陵、冲洪积堆积盆地农业生态地质亚区（Ⅲ2-c） 米仓山–大巴山褶断山地落叶阔叶－针阔混交林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ2-d） 伏牛山褶断山地、溶蚀山地常绿落叶阔叶林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ2-e） 南阳盆地堆积岗坡、冲湖积平原农业生态地质亚区（Ⅲ2-f） 鄂中褶断丘陵、堆积坡岗农林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ2-g） 三峡水库生态地质区（Ⅲ3） 三峡水库褶断低山生态地质亚区（Ⅲ3-a） 武陵–雪峰山生态地质区（Ⅲ4） 鄂西南岩溶中、低山常绿阔叶林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ4-a） 渝东南岩溶中、低石山林草生态地质亚区（Ⅲ4-b） 武陵山地岩溶中、低山常绿阔叶林岩溶生态地质亚区（Ⅲ4-c） 武陵山地东南褶断低山常绿阔叶林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ4-d） 黔东北岩溶中、低山常绿阔叶林–农业生态地质亚区（Ⅲ4-e） 雪峰山褶断中、低山地常绿阔叶林与农业生态地质亚区（Ⅲ4-f） 云贵高原生态地质区（Ⅲ5） 川西南褶断山地偏干性常绿阔叶林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ5-a） 沙鲁里山南部岩溶褶断亚高山半干旱、半湿润暗针叶林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ5-b） 金沙江下游褶断中山干热河谷常绿灌丛–稀树草原生态地质亚区（Ⅲ5-c） 滇中褶断中山滇青冈–元江栲林–云南松林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ5-d） 滇中岩溶低山、丘陵滇青冈–元江栲林–云南松林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ5-e） 乌蒙山岩溶山地云南松林–羊草草甸生态地质亚区（Ⅲ5-f） 乌蒙山褶断中山云南松林–羊草草甸生态地质亚区（Ⅲ5-g） 蒙自、文山岩溶中、低山峡谷云南松、红木荷林、罗浮栲、截果石栎生态地质亚区（Ⅲ5-h） 桂西北褶断中、低山半湿润季风常绿阔叶林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ5-i） 桂中喀斯特常绿、落叶阔叶混交林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ5-j） 桂东北褶断中山湿润常绿阔叶林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ5-k） 黔南褶断山地、盆谷常绿阔叶林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ5-l） 黔中丘原盆地山原中山常绿阔叶林喀斯特脆弱生态地质亚区（Ⅲ5-m） 黔西北喀斯特中山针阔混交林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ5-n） 黔北喀斯特山原中山常绿、落叶阔叶混交林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ5-o） 黔东南褶断山地、丘陵常绿落叶阔叶–农林业生态地质亚区（Ⅲ5-p） 滇中西山地生态地质区（Ⅲ6） 滇西南褶断中山宽谷北热带季雨林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ6-a） 怒江、澜沧江下游喀斯特中低山印栲林、刺斗石栎林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ6-b） 澜沧江、元江中游褶断中山山原刺栲、思茅松林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ6-c） 滇桂南部生态地质区（Ⅲ7） 西双版纳西部褶断山中盆地北热带季雨林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ7-a） 西双版纳东部褶断山中盆地北热带季雨林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ7-b） 滇南褶断中山峡谷热带湿润雨林、山地苔藓林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ7-c） 桂西南褶断中、低山北热带季雨林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ7-d） 桂西南喀斯特北热带季雨林生态地质亚区（Ⅲ7-e） 
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