Geochronology, Petrogeochemical Characteristics, Tectonic Setting of the Leucogranites (～1.0 Ga) in Central Africa and Its Relationship with Mineralization
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摘要:
中部非洲的传统中元古代基巴拉造山带内发育大量与花岗岩−伟晶岩体系相关的金属矿产，尤其是以标志性的稀有金属（Nb−Ta−Li）、钨、锡和金等成矿作用为特色，成矿地质过程往往和罗迪尼亚超大陆聚合事件相对应。通常 认为，与成矿直接密切相关的花岗岩是新元古代早期的一套淡色花岗岩（G4花岗岩），即含Sn花岗岩。G4花岗岩过去通常被视作成矿母岩，长期以来受到广泛关注，但是前人的研究表明基巴拉带不同地区的G4花岗岩在野外判别标志、形成时限、地球化学特征等方面存在一定差异，导致对岩石类型、岩石成因及其产出的构造背景的认识还不统一。因此，笔者在系统收集、整理前人资料的基础上，详细总结G4花岗岩的野外岩石类型、年代学研究、全岩地球化学数据及同位素等方面特征，初步探讨成岩成矿过程。结果显示，G4花岗岩的源区物质以变泥质岩为主，岩浆形成方式主要是局部的部分熔融或深熔作用，并不像过去认为的那样来源于一个深部较大岩浆房的长期分异演化，而G4花岗岩的演化则与区域成矿作用存在直接关联。结合区域构造演化研究，推测G4花岗岩可能形成于基巴拉造山作用的同碰撞‒后碰撞阶段。
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关键词:
- 中元古代基巴拉造山带 /
- G4花岗岩 /
- 成矿母岩 /
- 深熔作用
Abstract:A large number of mineral resources related to granite−pegmatite system that are found in the traditional Mesoproterozoic Kibaran belt in Central Africa, especially characterized by the distinctive mineralization of rare metals (Nb−Ta−Li), tungsten, tin and gold. The metallogenic events can be associated with the process of Rodinia amalgamation. Most of these mineral occurrences are linked to the early Neoproterozoic G4 leucogranitic intrusions, also termed “tin (−bearing) granites”. G4 granites have been extensively scrutinised because they are considered as the parental rocks to the ore mineralization in the region. The field identification criteria, timing, geochemical characteristics for G4 granites in different parts of Kibaran belt, however, have been shown to vary in previous studies. As a result, the type of rock, the petrogenesis of these parental granites and the geodynamic context is still a matter of debate. Combined with the disparate nature of datasets in the literature (e.g. field outcrops, petrography, geochronology, geochemistry and isotopes), the results show that the derivation of G4 granite is consistent with a meta−pelitic source, and these leucocratic granites could be considered more like anatectic migmatites rather than actual highly fractionated granites formed by fractionation out of large magma chambers. It has been largely established via the research of diagenetic and metallogenic processes that the protracted differentiation of G4 granites is the primary driver of diverse mineralization in the Kibaran belt. It’s hypothesized that the G4 granite was probably emplaced in the syncollisional to post−collisional stage of Kibaran orogeny when considering the regional tectonic background.
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Key words:
- Mesoproterozoic Kibaran belt /
- G4 granites /
- ore−forming parent rock /
- anatectic melting
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图 1 中部非洲传统基巴拉带区域地质简图 （据Debruyne et al.，2015修改）
Figure 1.
图 3 卢旺达G4花岗岩手标本、野外露头及镜下显微特征图（a～b据De Clercq et al.，2021；c～f据Nambaje et al.，2021a）
Figure 3.
图 6 G4花岗岩岩石成因类型判别图（据Whalen et al.，1987）
Figure 6.
图 9 含锂铝硅酸盐P–T相图 （据London，2018修改）
Figure 9.
表 1 基巴拉带（狭义）和卡拉戈维−安科连带中G4花岗岩、伟晶岩年龄数据及铌钽铁矿成矿年龄数据统计表
Table 1. Summary age data of the G4 granites, pegmatites and columbite−tantalite mineralization from the Kibara belt (sensu stricto) and Karagwe−Ankole belt
样品号 采样地点 构造位置 岩性/矿物 测年方法 年龄（Ma） 数据来源 Kasika 狭义基巴拉带 含锡花岗岩 全岩Rb−Sr 976±10 Cahen et al.，1979a Ki22 Kasika 狭义基巴拉带 含锡花岗岩 锆石U−Pb 986±10 Tack et al.，2010 Nzombe 狭义基巴拉带 含锡花岗岩 全岩Rb−Sr ～976 Cahen et al.，1979a Nyamakubi 狭义基巴拉带 含锡花岗岩 全岩Rb−Sr 976 Cahen et al.，1979a Kalima−Moga 狭义基巴拉带 含锡花岗岩 全岩Rb−Sr 989±28 Cahen et al.，1979a Mount Bia Massif 狭义基巴拉带 含锡花岗岩 全岩/单矿物Rb−Sr 966±21 Cahen et al.，1979a Mwanza Massif 狭义基巴拉带 含锡花岗岩 全岩Rb−Sr 977±18 Cahen et al.，1984 Kamituga 狭义基巴拉带 淡色花岗岩 全岩Rb−Sr 1020±50 Ledent et al.，1965 Maleba 狭义基巴拉带 淡色花岗岩 全岩Rb−Sr 1006±44 Ikingura，1989 Kirengo 卡拉戈维−安科连带 淡色花岗岩 全岩Rb−Sr 972±15 Cahen et al.，1984 CR181 Uwinkingi 卡拉戈维−安科连带 白云母花岗岩 锆石U−Pb 988±19 Nambaje et al.，2021a CR186 Musambira 卡拉戈维−安科连带 白云母二长花岗岩 锆石U−Pb 958±20 Nambaje et al.，2021a CR203 Muhanda 卡拉戈维−安科连带 白云母花岗岩 锆石U−Pb 945±31 Nambaje et al.，2021a CR159 Ruyenzi 卡拉戈维−安科连带 白云母花岗岩 独居石U−Pb 1011±18 Nambaje et al.，2021a CR175 Busasamana 卡拉戈维−安科连带 白云母花岗岩 独居石U−Pb 979±10 Nambaje et al.，2021a CR181 Uwinkingi 卡拉戈维−安科连带 白云母花岗岩 独居石U−Pb 976±11 Nambaje et al.，2021a CR186 Musambira 卡拉戈维−安科连带 白云母二长花岗岩 独居石U−Pb 997±8 Nambaje et al.，2021a CR203 Muhanda 卡拉戈维−安科连带 白云母花岗岩 独居石U−Pb 980±8 Nambaje et al.，2021a CR209 Kigali (Gisozi) 卡拉戈维−安科连带 白云母花岗岩 独居石U−Pb 1010±9 Nambaje et al.，2021a SDC18gr02 Masango 卡拉戈维−安科连带 二长花岗岩 锆石U−Pb 1014±53 De Clercq et al.，2021 SDC18gr05 Masango 卡拉戈维−安科连带 二长花岗岩 锆石U−Pb 959±43 De Clercq et al.，2021 SDC18gr07 Mushubati 卡拉戈维−安科连带 二长花岗岩 锆石U−Pb 993±26 De Clercq et al.，2021 SDC18gr08 Runda 卡拉戈维−安科连带 二长花岗岩 锆石U−Pb 999±46 De Clercq et al.，2021 SDC18gr15 Masango 卡拉戈维−安科连带 二长花岗岩 锆石U−Pb 974±15 De Clercq et al.，2021 SDC18gr18 Rukondo 卡拉戈维−安科连带 二长花岗岩 锆石U−Pb ～1000 De Clercq et al.，2021 SDC18gr20 Nyanza 卡拉戈维−安科连带 二长花岗岩 锆石U−Pb 985±11 De Clercq et al.，2021 SDC18gr21 Kibuye 卡拉戈维−安科连带 正长花岗岩 锆石U−Pb ～1000 De Clercq et al.，2021 Nyabugogo 卡拉戈维−安科连带 伟晶岩 白云母Rb−Sr 975±29 Monteyne-Poulaert et al.，1962；Cahen，1964 Bijyojyo 卡拉戈维−安科连带 伟晶岩 白云母Rb−Sr 945±28 Gatumba 卡拉戈维−安科连带 伟晶岩 白云母Rb−Sr 940± 28 Rwinkwavu 卡拉戈维−安科连带 伟晶岩 白云母Rb−Sr 955±29 Gakara 卡拉戈维−安科连带 伟晶岩 全岩−白云母Rb−Sr 969±8 Brinckmann et al.，1983 Gakara 卡拉戈维−安科连带 伟晶岩 白云母Rb−Sr 969±17 Lehmann et al.，1994 Atondo deposit 狭义基巴拉带 伟晶岩 白云母Ar−Ar 986.6±5.3 Dewaele et al.，2015 Yubuli deposit 狭义基巴拉带 伟晶岩 白云母Ar−Ar 992.4±5.4 Dewaele et al.，2015 Lutshurukuru 狭义基巴拉带 伟晶岩 白云母Ar−Ar 1024.3±55 Dewaele et al.，2015 RG 9699 Manono−Kitotolo 狭义基巴拉带 伟晶岩 白云母Ar−Ar 938.8±5.1 Dewaele et al.，2016 RG 15993 Manono−Kitotolo 狭义基巴拉带 伟晶岩 白云母Ar−Ar 934.0±5.9 Dewaele et al.，2016 RG 3554 Manono-Kitotolo 狭义基巴拉带 伟晶岩（云英岩） 白云母Ar−Ar 923.3±8.3 Dewaele et al.，2016 
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续表1 样品号 采样地点 构造位置 岩性/矿物 测年方法 年龄（Ma） 数据来源 Kivuvu 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 963±9/−5 Romer et al.，1995 Ruhembe 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 968+33/−29 Romer et al.，1995 Sample 45 Mazakala 狭义基巴拉带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 971.1±1.5 Melcher et al.，2008b，2009 Sample 110 Bassin Obea 狭义基巴拉带 铌钽铁矿 LA−ICP−MS U−Pb 971.8±7.0 Melcher et al.，2008a Coltan 48 Gatumba plant 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 1029±19 Dewaele et al.，2011 Coltan 84 Ruhanga 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 LA−ICP−MS U−Pb 938+9.3/−8.5 Dewaele et al.，2011 Coltan 87 Buranga 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 936±14 Dewaele et al.，2011 Coltan 89 Shori (Gateko) 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 LA−ICP−MS U−Pb 974.8±8.2 Dewaele et al.，2011 Coltan 93 Nyambisindu 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 951±15 Dewaele et al.，2011 Coltan 216 Nkegete 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 939±4 Dewaele et al.，2011 Coltan 219 Nkegete 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 958±0.4 Dewaele et al.，2011 Coltan 233 Bijyojyo 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 LA−ICP−MS U−Pb 965+8.7/−8.6 Dewaele et al.，2011 Sample 155 Mobra 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 934.5±3.9 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 40 Camp Bisengo 狭义基巴拉带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 973.8±2.2、 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 235 Ntunga 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 949.2±2.7 Melcher et al.，2008a Sample 43 Kakelo 狭义基巴拉带 铌钽铁矿 LA−ICP−MS U−Pb 962.8+8.7/−8.5 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 44 Mapimo Mulungu 狭义基巴拉带 铌钽铁矿 LA−ICP−MS U−Pb 960±9 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 45 Shabunda 狭义基巴拉带 铌钽铁矿 LA−ICP−MS U−Pb 964.3±5.4 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 105 Kamisuku, Pangi 狭义基巴拉带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 992.2±7.8 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 106 Kibeke 狭义基巴拉带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 960±5 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 112 Masisi 狭义基巴拉带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 950.2±4.4 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 115 Mwenga 狭义基巴拉带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 972.3±3.0 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 119 Manono 狭义基巴拉带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 940.2±5.1 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 122 Manono 狭义基巴拉带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 947.3±2.8 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 156 Mwenga 狭义基巴拉带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 937.1±2.4 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 41 Muhanga 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 LA−ICP−MS U−Pb 971.9±4.9 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 125 Nzida 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U-Pb 936.5±6.6 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 153 Ntunga 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 935±13 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 136 Nemba 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 LA−ICP−MS U−Pb 960.7±7.6 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 169 Nemba 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 951±13 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 150 Kibingo 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 929.4±6 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 743 Myatano 1 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 LA−ICP−MS U−Pb 940±21 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 381 Kanungu 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 983.4±0.6 Melcher et al.，2015 Sample 383 Mbulema 卡拉戈维−安科连带 铌钽铁矿 TIMS U−Pb 958.5±3.2 Melcher et al.，2015
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表 2 G4花岗岩Sr–Nd同位素数据统计表
Table 2. Summary of Sr–Nd isotope data of the G4 granites
样品号/采样地点 年龄（Ga） （143Nd/144Nd）0 εNd（0） εNd（t） TDM（Ga） （87Sr/86Sr）0 （87Sr/86Sr）i 数据来源 Maleba 1.00 0.807 Ikingura，1989 Kirengo 0.972 0.778 Cahen et al.，1984 Mwanza 0.977 0.7002～0.731 CR175 1.00 0.512135 −9.8 −12.4 0.91744 0.744555 Nambaje et al.，2021a CR181 1.00 0.511672 −18.8 −9.9 2.52 0.805043 0.73339 CR203 1.00 0.511963 −13.2 −10.8 1.044317 0.728935 CR209 1.00 0.511834 −15.7 −11.2 3.81 0.840774 0.744413 CR186 1.00 0.511758 −17.2 −11.1 3.26 0.832353 0.739304 KR6 1.00 0.51196 −13 −9 3.54 Debruyne et al.，2015 KR9 1.00 0.5112 −28 −15 2.44 0.82361 0.73216 KR17 1.00 0.51194 −14 −11 5.27 1.51541 KR23 1.00 0.51165 −19 −11 2.64 0.96188 0.77202 KR24 1.00 0.51177 −17 −10 2.76 1.29481 0.85948
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